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英一“翻譯”彙總

作者:由 羅小羅同學 發表于 寵物時間:2023-01-16

2010

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

——One

basic weakness

in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value。 Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its

integrity

, they are

entitled to

continuance。

一個完全基於經濟動機的環境保護制度的

根本缺陷

是,陸地群落的大多數成員都沒有經濟價值。然而這些生物都是生物群落中的成員,如果群落的穩定性取決於其完整性,他們就有權繼續生存下去。

basic

integrity

entitled

adj。

最重要的,基本的;最簡單的,初級的;(產品和服務)必需的;

n。

基本要素,基本原則

n。

正直,誠實;完整,完全;職業操守;(電子資料的)整合度

adj。

有資格的

v。

使享有權利;給……命名(或題名)(entitle 的過去式和過去分詞)

——When one of these noneconomic

categories

is threatened and, if we

happen to

love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance。 At the beginning of the century songbirds were

supposed to

be disappearing。 【46】

Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them

。 The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid。

當某一類沒有經濟價值的物種受到威脅時,如果我們恰巧喜愛它,就會編造藉口來賦予它經濟重要性。本世紀初,人們原本認為鳴禽會逐漸消失。【46】

科學家們急忙提出一些明顯站不住腳的證據趕來挽救,其大意是,如果鳥類不能控制昆蟲的數量,昆蟲便會吞噬我們人類

。證據必須是經濟方面的才有效。

categories

happen to

supposed to

jumped to

n。

種類,分類; 範疇(category 的複數)

發生於;偶然發生

應該,猜想會

趕快,立即

——It is painful to read these

roundabout accounts

today。 We have no land ethic yet, 【47】

but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us

現在要理解這些拐彎抹角的理由是很痛苦的。雖然我們還沒有土地倫理,【47】

但是我們至少近乎承認,無論鳥類能否帶給我們經濟價值,生存都是它們的固有權利

roundabout

accounts*

intrinsic

adj。

繞路的,迂迴的;(說話)繞圈子的,不直截了當的

n。

賬戶,戶頭;客戶,老主顧;網路賬號;描述,報道;賬目;【理由,解釋】;重要性;

v。

把……視作,認為;解釋,說明(account for)

adj。

內在的,固有的

——A parallel situation exists

in respect of /

predatory

mammals and fish-eating birds。 【48】

Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species

。 Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid。 It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to

exterminate

them

for the sake of

benefit, real or

fancied

, to itself。

——食肉哺乳動物和食魚鳥類中存在類似的情形。【48】

曾經有段時間,生物學家或多或少濫用了一種證據,即這些生物透過殺死體弱者來保持種群的健康,或者說它們僅僅捕食“沒有價值"的物種

。這再次證明,證據必須是經濟方面的才能獲得認可。直到最近幾年我們才聽到這種比較坦率的論點:食肉動物是生物群落的成員,沒有任何特殊利益群體有權為了對自己有益處一一無論是真實的還是自認為的一一來消滅它們。

in respect of

predatory

somewhat

game

關於,涉及

adj。

(動物)捕食性的,食肉的;掠奪性的,弱肉強食的

adv。

稍微,有點

n。

遊戲,比賽;運動會;兒戲;詭計,花招;【獵物,野味】;行當,行業;玩耍,消遣;

adj。

願意嘗試的,有冒險精神的

prey

exterminate

sake

fancied

n。

獵物,捕獲物;受害者,受騙者;

v。

捕食;欺凌,坑害(尤指弱者);不斷困擾,折磨

vt。

消滅;根除

n。

利益,好處;目的;為了便於討論(for the sake of argument)

adj。

空想的;虛構的;受喜愛的;被特別愛好的

——Some species of trees have been “

read out of

the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as

timber

crops。 【49】

In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason

。 Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility。 The

interdependence

of the forest and its

constituent

tree species, ground flora, and fauna is

taken for granted.

——某些種類的樹已被看重經濟利益的林務官“驅逐出境”,因為它們生長得太慢,或是作為木材收成價值太低。【49】

在林業生態更為發達的歐洲,沒有商業價值的樹種就其本身而言,被看作是當地森林群落的成員,並得到相應的保護是合理的

。此外,有些樹種被發現在增強土壤肥沃性方面具有重要作用。森林和樹種、地面植物、動物這些組成森林的要素之間的相互依存,被視作理所當然。

read out of

timber

as such

within reason

驅逐,開除

n。

木材,原木;(用於生產木材的)林木,樹林

同樣地;本身;就其本身而論

理智的,合理的;合情合理

interdependence

constituent

taken for granted

n。

互相依賴

n。

選民;成分,構成要素;委託人

adj。

組成的,構成的;選舉的,有任命(或選舉)權的;立憲的

被視作理所當然

——To sum up: a system of conservation based

solely

on economic

self-interest

is hopelessly

lopsided.

【50】

It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning

。 It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomicparts 。

——總而言之:一個僅僅基於經濟利已主義的環保制度存在毫無希望的失衡。【50】

這種保護系統往往忽視陸地群落中諸多缺乏商業價值但對其健康執行至關重要的物種,而最終導致它們的滅絕

。它錯誤地假定,即使沒有非經濟的部份,生物鐘的經濟部分也一樣可以正常執行。

solely

self-interest

lopsided

lop

function

adv。

單獨地,僅有地

n。

私利;利己主義

adj。

不平衡的,傾向一方的

vt。

砍伐;剪去樹枝

n。

剪下的樹枝

adj。

垂下的

n。

功能,職責;【宴會,典禮】;函式,應變數;

v。

【工作,運轉】;行使職責,發揮功能

2011

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

——With its theme that “Mind is the master

weaver

,” creating our inner character and outer

circumstances

, the book

As a Man Thinketh

by James Allen is an

in-depth

exploration of the

central idea

of

self-help

writing。

圍繞“思維意識是編織大師”,它創造了我們的內在性格與外部環境這一主題,詹姆斯。艾倫《做你想做的人》一書深入地探索了自助類讀物的真諦。

weaver

circumstances

in-depth

central idea

self-help

n。

織工;織布者

n。

條件,情況,【環境】;境況,經濟狀況;詳情,原委

adj。

徹底的,深入的

中心思想

n。

自助;自救;自立;互助

adj。

(使人)自助的;自救的

——【46】

Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share - that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts - and reveal its erroneous nature

。 Because most of us believe that

mind is separate from matter

, we think that thoughts can be hidden and

made powerless

; this allows us to think one way and act another。 However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind

generates as much action as

the conscious mind, and 【47】

while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: "Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?"

【46】

艾倫的貢獻在於,他拿出“我們並非機器人,因此能掌控自己的思想”這一公認的假設,並揭示了其謬誤所在

。因為我們中的大多數人都相信意識是獨立於物質存在的,所以我們認為能夠將思想隱藏、並使之失去效力;這使得我們能夠這樣想卻那樣做。然而,艾倫認為潛意識和意識產生的作用一樣大。而且,【47】

儘管我們或許可以僅憑意識來維繫“控制"這種錯覺,現實中我們還是不斷要面對一個問題:“我為什麼不能讓自己做這個或實現那個?”

assumption

share

erroneous

nature

n。

假定,假設;取得,承擔

v。

共享,合用;分享;分配;分擔(責任),分攤(費用);【共同擁有(看法、特質或經歷)】;傾訴,吐露

adj。

錯誤的,不正確的

n。

大自然,自然界;性格,秉性;【本質,特點】;型別,種類

——Since

desire and will

are damaged by the presence of thoughts that

do not accord with

desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are。” Achievement happens because

you as a person

embody the external achievement; you don‘t “get” success but become it。 There is no gap between mind and matter。

由於

願望和意志

會因為那些與願望

不一致

的思想的出現而遭到破壞,艾倫做出如下總結:“我們所吸引的不是我們所想,而是我們本身所是。”成功的降臨是因為

你本人

就是這種外部成功的體現;你不是“獲得”成功,而是“成為”成功。意識和物質之間沒有間隔。

——Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its

contention

that “Circumstances do not

make a person

, they reveal him。” 【48】

This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom

艾倫著作的名聲部分來自於如下論點:“環境不會

造就一個人

,環境顯現一個人”。【48】

這似乎是在為忽視貧困者的行為作辯護,為剝削、為社會上層人群的優越及社會底層人群的卑微找理由

contention

justification

in need

n。

看法,觀點;爭論,爭吵;爭奪

n。

正當理由,合理解釋;證明為正當,辯護

在危難中;在窮困中的

rationalization

exploitation

inferiority

n。

合理化

n。

剝削,壓榨;開發,開採

n。

低等,劣等;自卑

——This, however, would be a

knee-jerk

reaction to a

subtle argument

。 Each set of circumstances,

however bad

, offers a unique opportunity for growth。 If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed。 In fact, 【49】

circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been "wronged" then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation

Nevertheless

, as any biographer knows, a person‘s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual。

但這個觀點只不過是對如下

精妙觀點

本能迴應

。每一種環境,

無論多麼惡劣

,都會給人的成長提供一次獨特的機遇。如果環境總是能夠決定人們的人生和前途,那人類就永遠不會進步。事實上,【49】

環境彷彿就是為了激發我們的最大潛能而設,如果我們覺得自己遭受了“不公”,就不太可能有意識地去努力擺脫自己的處境

。不過,正如任何一位傳記作家所知的那樣,一個人的早期生活和生活環境往往是他個人得到的最珍貴的禮物。

knee-jerk reaction

subtle*

however bad

本能反應

adj。

不易察覺的,微妙的;【敏銳的,有洞察力的】;【靈活的,巧妙的】;含蓄的,隱晦的

無論多惡劣

bring out the best in us

begin a conscious effort to

nevertheless

激發我們最大的潛能

開始有意識的做……

adv。

然而,不過

——The

sobering

aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves。 【50】

The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible

艾倫這部著作使人警醒的一面在於它指出:對於自己的現狀,我們不能責怪旁人,只能歸咎於自己。【50】

其正面意義在於,可能性都包含在我們瞭解了一切都取決於我們自己;此前我們是諳熟各種侷限的專家,現在我們成了駕馭各種可能性的權威

sober

upside

array

adj。

未喝醉的,清醒的;嚴肅的,冷靜的;素淡的,樸素的

n。

好的一面,優勢;(股票價格)上漲

n。

一系列,大量;陣列,陣列;盛裝

v。

佈置,排列;配置(兵力);穿戴,打扮

2012

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

英一“翻譯”彙總

1——Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the

scientific enterprise

。 In some ways, this

quest

for

commonalities

defines science。 Newton‘s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each

bind

a host of different

phenomena

into a single

explicatory framework

自亞里士多德時代起,尋求普遍法則一直是

科學事業

的特點。從某些方面而言,這種對普遍性的追求定義了科學。牛頓運動定律和達爾文進化論都分別將多種不同現象囊括進單一的

解釋框架

enterprise

commonalities

bind

n。

企業,事業單位;【事業心,進取心】;事業;創業,企業經營

n。

公共;共性;【老百姓;平民】

v。

捆綁,系;包紮;使緊密聯絡;迫使,使負有義務(或責任);(使)凝結,(使)粘合;裝訂;

phenomena

explicatory

explicit

n。

現象(phenomenon的複數)

adj。

說明的;解釋的

adj。

清楚明白的,明確的,詳述的;直截了當的,坦率的

2——【

46】

In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything - a single generative equation for all we see

It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail。

Nonetheless

, unification of sorts remains a major goal。

【46】在物理學領域,一種方法將這種探求統一的衝動發揮到了極致,試圖去尋找包含一切的理論—— 一個包括我們所看到的一切的生成公式。

然而,考慮到其所涉及的維度和範疇,人們越發不確定這樣的原理就是一種簡化。儘管如此,尋求萬物的統一依然是一個主要目標。

impulse

generative

Nonetheless

n。

衝動;脈衝;推動力

adj。

一時興起的,隨興的

adj。

有生產力的,有生殖力的;(語言學)生成的

adv。

然而,儘管如此

3——This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too。 【

47】

Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.

Just as the

bewildering

variety of human

courtship

rituals

might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features。 【

48】

To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms

justification

bewildering

courtship

n。

正當理由,合理解釋;證明為正當,辯護

adj。

使人困惑的;令人產生混亂的

n。

求愛;求婚;求愛期

rituals

shared

arose

n。

典禮;宗教儀式;固定程式(ritual的複數形式)

adj。

慣常的

adj。

分享的,共有的

v。

共享,合用;分配;共同擁有(某種看法、特質或經歷)

vi。

出現;引發(arise 的過去式)

長久以來,在自然科學界的這一趨勢在社會科學中也很明顯。 【

47】就這一點, 達爾文學說似乎給出了正當的理由,因為如果人類有共同的起源,那麼似乎就能合理地認為文化的多樣性也能追溯到更為有限的起源。

人類求偶儀式多得令人眼花繚亂,最終都可以被歸結為性別選擇的某種形式;同樣,世界上的語言、音樂、 社會和宗教習俗甚至歷史都可能會被一些統一的特點所支配。【

48】從共有的特徵中過濾出獨特之處,這也許能使我們理解複雜的文化行為是如何產生的,並從進化或認知的角度來理解是什麼引導了它的走向。

4——That, at least, is the hope。 But a comparative study of linguistic

traits

published online today supplies a reality check。 Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language。

至少,這是希望所在。但是近日網上釋出的一項針對語言特徵的對比研究對這一想法提供了現實檢驗。依據先前兩個尋找語言共性的研究,奧克蘭大學的羅素。 格雷和他的同事們對語法的演變進行了分析性思考。

5——The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar。 A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly。

在尋求語言共性的努力中,最為著名的是由諾姆。喬姆斯基所發起的。他認為人類天生就具有掌握通用語法的語言習得能力。一些語言生成規則就足以呈現1門語言的所有基礎結構,這也是兒童學習語言如此快的原因。

6——

( 49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints。

(49)第二次努力由喬舒亞.格林伯格發起——採取了更為經驗主義的方法來研究語言的普遍性,確定了許多語言(特別是在詞序方面)的共同特徵,這些特徵被視為代表了由於認知限制所產生的偏見。

7——Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages。

(50) Chomsky‘s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations。

Neither of these patterns is

borne out

by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are

lineage

-specific and not governed by universals。

格雷和他的同事對代表了2000多種語言的四個語言譜系進行了研究,檢驗了上述兩種理論。

(50)喬姆斯基的語言應該顯示出語言變化的模式,這些模式不受語言譜系或被追蹤的譜系路徑的影響,而格林伯格的普遍性理論則可以預測一些特殊詞序關係之間具有很強的依賴性。

透過分析,這兩種模式都沒有出現,這表明語言結構具有語系特異性,且不受普遍性控制。

2013

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

英一“翻譯”彙總

1——It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression。 There is no doubt that gardens evidence an

irrepressible

urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human

urge

( 46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it

strikes

one that,

for all

their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression。

有人推測花園的產生源自於其建造者們的基本需求:即對創造性表達的需求。毫無疑問,花園的出現展現了人們想要去創造、表達、塑造及美化的慾望,而自我表達就是一種基本的人類慾望。

(46)然而,當我們看到由無家可歸者創造的花園照片時,就會感到深深的震撼:儘管它們風格各異,但這些花園不止停留在裝飾或創造性的表達層面上,更體現了人類其他根本的強烈願望。

2——One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “

still point

of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T。 S。 Eliot。

(47) A

sacred

place of peace, however crude it may be, is a

distinctly

human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need。

This

distinction

is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent。

Composure

is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one‘s environment。

( 48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not

discernible

as such。

In so doing they give composure to a segment of the

inarticulate

environment in which they take their stand。

這些慾望之一就是在喧鬧之中創造平靜,借用T。S。艾略特的話來說,就是“轉動世界的

靜止點

”。

(47)它是一個安寧的聖地,是一種人類特有的需求,不管多麼粗陋,它都與遮風擋雨之所不同,遮風擋雨之所是動物特有的需求。

這個差別如此之大以至於後者缺乏的情況下,就如這些非理想的園丁一樣,對前者的需求變得更加迫切了。平靜是一種心境,可以透過調整一個人與周遭環境的關係而獲得。

(48) 這種無家可歸者的花園實質上是無定所的花園,它們將“形式”引入到城市環境中,城市中原本要麼不存在這種“形式”,要麼(即使存在)也沒有被識別出來。

這樣一來, 這些花園就將平靜帶給了它們所處的沉默不語的環境。

3——Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so

intrinsic

that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us。 When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees,

( 49) most of us give in to a

demoralization

of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic。

In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is

unfeasible

, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a

clumplike

arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of

petals

or leaves as well as of

stuffed animals

。 On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world。

(50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these

synthetic

constructions。

In them we can see

biophilia

- a

yearning

for contact with nonhuman life - assuming

uncanny representational

forms。

這些花園似乎還反映或者說是源自於另一種人類固有的慾望或需求,這種慾望如此內化,以至於我們都察覺不到一直以來它對我們的訴求。當我們被剝奪了綠色、植物以及樹木時,

(49) 我們大部分人往往把陷入精神萎靡歸咎於一些心理問題,直到有一天我們身處花園時,才發覺壓力已神奇般地煙消雲散了。

在紐約大多數無主的花園中,實際上想要種植是不可行的,但即便如此,花園的構造似乎通常都體現出了想要喚起動植物生命力的努力——哪怕只是象徵性的——透過素材的搭配, 色彩的引入,設定一池碧水,以及頻繁出現的花瓣樹葉,還有一些

動物玩具

。一系列夢幻般的元素在這裡呈現,從基本層面上來說,這似乎就是自然世界。

(50) 儘管擴大了“花園” 的概念,但正是這種與大自然之間或隱晦或明晰的參照,使“花園”這個詞用來描述這些人造建築時,具有了充分的合理性。

在這些人造建築裡,我們可以看到人類熱愛生命的天性—— 一種接觸大自然的渴望——以神秘的形式得到呈現。

2014

生詞

生詞

詞義

短語

sensual

adj。

感官的,愉悅感官的;肉慾的,性感的;

mathematical

adj。

有關數學的;具有數學頭腦的;精確的,完整的;可能性極小的

mathematical statistics 數理統計;數學統計

articulate

v。

明確表達,清楚說明;口齒清楚地說,清晰地發音;用關節連線,連結

adj。

善於表達的;口齒清楚的,發音清晰的;有關節的

freed

v。

解放,使自由;使擺脫(令人不快的事物);解除,清除;騰出使可用作;

be freed from 免受;沒有…

hitherto

adv。

迄今,至今

imperative

adj。

極重要的,必要的;命令的,強制的;祈使的

n。

重要緊急的事,必要的事;

plague

n。

瘟疫,傳染病;鼠疫(尤指腺鼠疫);

v。

困擾,折磨;煩擾,糾纏;使得災禍

elevation

n。

高度,海拔;立面,立檢視;提拔,提升;增加,升高;高地,高處;(槍炮的)射角,仰角;空中動作技巧

【elevator】

n。

電梯;(運送糧食、液體或卸船的)升降機,起卸機;糧倉,穀倉;

render

v。

使成為,使處於某種狀態;給予,提供;(以某種方式)表達,表現;粉刷,往(牆上)抹灰;

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

1——Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life。 It might be poetic, philosophical,

sensual

, or

mathematical

, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being。 Hence it is

metaphysical

; but the means of expression is purely and

exclusively physical

: sound。 I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music。

( 46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is

articulate

our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself。

對不同的人而言,音樂意味著不同的東西,甚至對同一個人而言,音樂在其生命的不同時刻,意義也不盡相同。它可能是詩意的、有哲理的,也可以是感官的或者是精準的。但在我看來,無論如何,音樂一定是與人類靈魂有關的。所以,音樂是無形的,但音樂的表達方式卻是純粹的且

完完全全有形的

,那就是聲音。我認為音樂的力量就在於利用這種有形的方式來傳遞無形的資訊,以實現二者的永久共存。

(46) 這也是為何在我們嘗試用語言去描述音樂時,我們能做的僅僅是表達自己對音樂的感受,而不能完全理解音樂本身

2——Beethoven‘s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions。 He

freed

music from

hitherto

prevailing conventions of harmony and structure。 Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity。 The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata。 In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention。

( 4 7)

By all accounts

he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works。

貝多芬因其具有革命性意義的作品而奠定了他在音樂界的重要地位。他打破了一直以來的流行傳統,他將音樂從和聲與結構常規中解放了出來。我有時會在他晚年的音樂作品中感受到貝多芬想要打破所有連貫性符號的決心。他最後一部鋼琴奏鳴曲就是如此,音樂旋律有些突兀且似乎不夠連貫。在音樂表達上,貝多芬從未受到傳統的束縛。

(47)大家普遍認為, 貝多芬是一個思想自由、充滿勇氣的人。而且我還發現,勇氣這一品質,對於理解他的作品而言就極為重要,更不用說演奏他的作品了。

3——This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music。 His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics。

(48) Beethoven‘s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him。

實際上,這種勇敢的態度成為了貝多芬作品演奏者的一種必要條件。他的譜曲創作需要演奏者去展現勇氣,例如對於彈奏力度的運用。

(48) 貝多芬習慣用一種極大的強度來提高音量,然後突然銜接一段柔和的樂段,在他之前極少有作曲家採用這種方式。

4——Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word。 He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society。

( 49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression。

從最寬泛的意義來說,貝多芬是位熱衷政治的人。他對日常的政治並不感興趣,但對道德行為和更大的、會影響整個社會的是非問題卻特別關注。

(49) 尤其值得關注的是他對自由的看法——在他看來,自由是與個人的權利和責任密切相關的,(因為)他倡導的是思想自由和個人言論自由。

5——Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an

imperative

of human existence。 For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that

plague

our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual

elevation

。 It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word。

(50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living。

貝多芬的音樂往往從混亂走向有序,好像秩序對人類生存來說是必不可少的。在貝多芬看來,秩序並非源於忘記或忽略那些困擾我們生存的混亂。秩序是一種必要的發展和進步,能指引我們達到希臘人理想中的精神昇華。《葬禮進行曲》並非《英雄交響曲》的最後一個樂章,而是倒數第二個,這絕非偶然,而是為了不想以苦難作為結局。

(50) 貝多芬的多數作品均可這樣進行解讀:苦難是難以避免的,但與之抗爭的勇氣恰恰彰顯了生命的意義。

2015

生詞

生詞

詞義

短語

trait

n。

(人的個性的)特徵,特點;遺傳特徵;一點,少許

personality trait 人格特質,個性品質

peculiar

adj。

奇怪的,不尋常的;特別的,獨特的;不舒服的

n。

特權,特有財產

【priority】

n。

優先事項,最重要的事;優先,優先權,重點;

adj。

優先的

give priority to 優先考慮;認為優先

interplay

n。

相互影響,相互作用

vi。

相互影響,相互作用

resemble

v。

像,與……相似

bound

adj。

必然的,肯定的;受約束的,有義務的;被……所限制的,被……所束縛的;【要到……去的,駛往……的】;裝訂好的,有封面的;

v。

跳躍,蹦跳著走;形成……的邊界,劃界;限制,約束;突然增長,急劇上升;(尤指圓形的物體)彈回,彈開

n。

界限,限制;蹦跳,跳躍

bound for 開往…

Atlantic

n。

大西洋;(地質)大西洋氣候期

adj。

大西洋的;(地質)大西洋氣候期的

atlantic ocean 大西洋

course

n。

課程;過程;【道路,航線】;程序,進展;方針,總方向;行動方式,處理方法;療程;一道菜;【比賽場地】;

v。

奔流,快速流動;(感情、思想)湧動;(用獵犬)追蹤(兔子)

course of study 學科;學習的程序;研究課程

in the course of 在…過程中;在…期間

shore

n。

(海、湖或大河的)濱,岸;沿海國家(或地區)(shores);

v。

用支撐物(或梁)支撐;支援,幫助(shore up)

shore up 支援,支撐;加固

off shore 離開岸邊;在近海處

virgin

n。

處女,童男;無經驗的人,新手;

adj。

原始狀態的,未開發的;處女的,處男的;

virgin forest 原始森林

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

1——Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration - one of the great

folk wanderings

of history -swept from Europe to America。

( 46)

This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent。

在17世紀到18世紀早期的百年時間裡,一股移民潮——史上最大規模的

人口遷徙

之一 —— 自歐洲席捲至美洲。

(46) 在各種強大動機的驅使下,這次遷移不僅在荒野之中造就了一個民族,而且循其本質塑造了一片新大陸的特性並決定了它的命運。

2——【

47】

The United States is the product of two principal forces - the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these

traits

Of necessity

, colonial America was a projection of Europe。 Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world。

【48】

But the force of geographic conditions

peculiar

to America, the

interplay

of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes。

These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible。 But the result was a new social pattern which, although it

resembled

European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American。

【47】美國是兩種主要力量作用的產物: 一是具有不同思想、風俗和民族特徵的歐洲移民,二是一個新興國家因改變 了上述特徵所產生的影響

不可避免地

,殖民地時期的美國是歐洲的投影。成群的英國人、法國人、德國人、蘇格蘭人、愛爾蘭人、荷蘭人、瑞典人以及許多其他民族的人橫跨大西洋而來,想要將他們的習慣和傳統根植於新世界裡。【

48】 但是,美洲特有的地理條件,不同種族間的相互影響,以及在一片蠻荒新大陸上維持舊大陸方式的巨大困難,所有這一切引起了意義深遠的變化。

這些變化是漸進的,剛開始幾乎很難察覺,但最終卻形成了一個新的社會模式,這種社會模式儘管在許多方面與歐洲社會相類似,但卻具有明顯的美國特色。

3——

【49】

The first shiploads of immigrants

bound

for the territory which is now the United States crossed the

Atlantic

more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America。

In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America。 These travelers to North America came in small,

unmercifully

overcrowded craft。 During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them。 Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey。 Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their

course

, and often calm brought unbearably long delay。

【49】在15、16 世紀的北美大陸探險過去一百多年後,第一批滿載移民的航船橫穿大西洋駛向美國這片疆士。

同時,西班牙已經在墨西哥、西印度群島以及南美洲建立了繁榮的殖民地。這些移民是乘坐著極其狹小擁擠的船隻來到這裡的。在六至十二週的行程中,他們依靠分給他們的微薄食物勉強生存下來。許多船隻迷失在暴風中,許多乘客死於疾病,幾乎沒有嬰兒能倖存下來。有時候暴風雨將船隻吹得遠離航向,而經常性的風平浪靜又會帶來漫長的滯留。

4——To the anxious travelers the sight of the American

shore

brought almost inexpressible relief。 Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve

leagues

‘ distance smelt as sweet as a new-

blown

garden。” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods。

【50】 The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.

Here was abundant fuel and lumber。 Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores 。

對於這些焦慮的航行者而言,美國海濱的景色給他們帶來了難以言狀的慰藉。一位事件記錄者寫道,“12 裡格外的空氣聞起來就如同新盛開的花園一樣芳香。”殖民者第一眼看到的是這片新大陸上茂密的樹木。【

50】 鬱鬱蔥蔥、樹種繁多的原始森林著實是一座天然寶庫, 它從緬因州一直向南綿延到佐治亞州

。這裡擁有豐富的燃料和木材。這裡擁有建造房屋、傢俱、船艦、鉀鹼、染料和松脂類製品的原材料。

2016

生詞

生詞

詞義

短語

mend

v。

縫補,修補;修理;癒合,痊癒;彌合(分歧),解決(爭端);

n。

好轉,復甦;修理過的地方,補丁

on the mend 在好轉中

innate

adj。

先天的,固有的;(信仰)根深蒂固的

innate immunity 先天免疫;自然免疫

mundane

adj。

單調的,平凡的,平淡的;世俗的,塵世的

n。

平凡的事物(the mundane)

mundane world 紅塵

foe

n。

敵人,對頭

friend and foe 朋友和敵人

conscience

n。

良知,良心;內疚,愧疚

a clear conscience 問心無愧

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

1——Mental health is our birthright。

【46】

We don‘t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or

mend

a broken bone。

Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened。 It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us。 When we don‘t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us。

【47】

Our mental health doesn‘t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant。

心理健康是我們與生俱來的權利。【46】

我們不必學習如何保持心理健康;它是與生俱來的,正如我們的身體知道如何治癒傷口,如何治療骨折。

我們無法習得心理健康,而只能重新喚醒。它就像身體的免疫系統,在面臨壓力、缺乏營養和缺乏鍛鍊的情況下,免疫系統就會被削弱,但它從不會離開我們的身體。當我們意識不到心理健康的價值,並且不知如何去獲取它的時候,健康的心理仍將對我們隱藏。【47】

心理健康其實並沒有真的離開;正如烏雲背後的太陽,雖然可能暫時看不見它,但是完全能在轉瞬間重現。

2——Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem - confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense。 It allows us to have perspective on our lives - the ability to not

take ourselves too seriously

, to laugh at ourselves, to see the

bigger picture

, and to see that things will work out。 It’s a form of

innate

or unlearned optimism。

【48】

Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are

.

Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier。 It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child。 It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives。

心理健康孕育我們的自尊和自信,也讓我們相信自己和相信常識。它讓我們形成自己的人生觀——不

妄自尊大

、敢於嘲笑自己、著眼

大局

以及明白所有問題都會迎刃而解。這是一種天生的或不學即會的樂觀。

【48】心理健康讓我們在別人遇到困難時,同情他人;在別人遭受痛苦時,友善待人;無論是誰,都能給予毫無條件的愛

。心理健康是創造力的源泉,這一創造力可以解決問題、化解衝突、使環境變得更好、經營好我們的家庭生活或是想出一個有創意的商業理念或發明,使我們生活更加便捷。心理健康讓我們在駕駛時、垂釣時,抑或是修理汽車或撫養孩子時對自己和他人保持耐心。心理健康使我們能每時每刻,看到周圍大自然之美、文化之美、日常生活之美。

3——

【49】

Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions。

It has been available even in the most

mundane

of life situations to

show you right from wrong

, good from bad, friend from

foe

。 Mental health has commonly been called

conscience

, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice。 We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought。

【50】

As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily。

【49】在我們的生活中,儘管心理健康是我們生活中的萬能藥,但是它也極其普通,你會發現,它一直都在指引你完成所有艱難的選擇。

心理健康可以出現在最平凡的生活場景之中,

教你分辨是非

、善惡和友敵。心理健康通常被稱為良知、本能、智慧、常識,或是心靈的聲音,我們僅將其視為智慧思維的一種有益的湧動。

【50】你會慢慢明白,心理健康無處不在,我們可以信任它,這會讓我們放慢生活的節奏,快樂地生活。

2017

生詞

生詞

詞義

短語

breadth

n。

寬度,幅度;廣度,廣泛性

breadth of view 見識的廣闊,眼光的遠大

breadth of mind 心胸

realistic

adj。

務實的,實事求是的;實際的,現實可行的;寫實的,逼真的;實在論的

realistic painting 寫實繪畫

monoglot

adj。

使用單一語言的;(文字或對話)單語的

n。

使用單一語言者

bleak

adj。

不樂觀的,無望的;無遮掩的,荒涼的;陰冷的,寒冷的;沮喪的,陰鬱的;(人或其表情)冷漠的,冷峻的

relative

n。

親戚,親屬;同類事物,親緣動物(或植物);

adj。

相比較而言的,比較的;相對的,相關聯的;

relative error 相對誤差

relative humidity 相對溼度

【relate】

v。

聯絡,使有聯絡;涉及,關於;敘述,講述;認同,理解;

relate with 使相關,使符合

slippage

n。

滑移;滑動;下降

【slippery】

adj。

溼滑的,容易打滑的;模稜兩可的,模糊的

【slipper】

n。

室內便鞋,拖鞋;輕便舞鞋

v。

用拖鞋打(人)

basis

n。

基礎,要素;基準,方式;理由,根據;主要成分(或部分)

on the basis of 根據;基於…

【bias】

n。

偏見,成見;偏好,天賦;傾向,趨勢;斜紋;(統計)偏差,偏倚;

v。

使有偏見,使偏心;加偏壓(或偏流)於

adj。

偏斜的

Cognitive Bias 認知偏差

meet

v。

結識,被引見(給某人);(與……)見面,碰頭;集合,開會;偶遇;交手,交戰;交匯,會合;迎接;【(成功)做成,滿足】;經歷,遭受;支付,償付;等同於,與……相符;被感知到;對付,應付;正視,對視;碰到,觸到

meet the needs of 滿足…的需要

meet the requirements 符合要求;滿足條件

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

1——The growth of the use of English as the world‘s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades。

【46】

But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future。

英語作為國際交流的主要語言,使用人數的上升已經持續數十年了。

【46】但即使當下英語使用者的人數還在進一步擴大, 仍有跡象表明:在可預見的未來,英語可能會逐漸失去其全球主導的地位

2——Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the

breadth

of English usage would consequently face new pressures。 Those

realistic

possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol。

【47】

His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities。

複雜的國際、經濟、技術以及文化層面的變化逐漸開始削弱英語作為世界市場語言的領導地位。與此同時,得益於英語廣泛使用的英國也將因此面臨新的壓力。大衛。格拉多爾在其研究中強調了這些現實的可能性。【47】

因此,他的分析應當使一些人不再自滿, 這些人認為英語的國際地位如此穩固以至於覺得英國的年輕後輩不需要其他的語言能力了。

3——David Graddol concludes that

monoglot

English graduates face a

bleak

economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organisations。

Alongside that

【48】

many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages。

大衛。格拉多爾的結論是,僅僅會英語的畢業生將面臨暗淡的經濟前景,因為來自不同國家的優質的、掌握多門語言的年輕人正在證明他們比跨國公司及組織裡的英國同仁更具優勢。

此外

,【48】

許多國家正在將英語引入小學課程,對於學會流利地使用其他語言,英國的大、中、小學生似乎沒有受到更多的鼓勵

4——

If left to themselves,

such trends will diminish the

relative strength

of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads。

如果順其自然的話

,隨著對西班牙語、阿拉伯語或普通話的教育資源需求的增加以及國際商務活動中如日語、法語和德語這些語言外包的增多,這些趨勢將會削弱英語在國際教育市場上的

相對優勢

5——

【49】

The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors。

The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £ 1。3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to £ 10 billion a year more。 As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such

slippage

【49】

大衛.格拉多爾所發現的變化給教授他國人士英語的英國機構以及更廣闊的教育市場帶來了清晰而重大的挑戰。

在無形產品的出口中,英語培訓行業為英國直接賺取了約13億英鎊,而其他與教育相關的出口一年則可以賺100億英鎊。隨著國際教育市場的擴張,近來在主要英語國家學習的留學生人數有所下降,且可能持續下降下去,尤其是如果沒有有效的戰略措施去阻止這一趨勢的話。

6——The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: 【50】

It gives a

basis

to all organisations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to

meet

the possibilities of what could be a very different

operating environment

That is a necessary and practical approach。 In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it。

該研究對可能發生的需求的變化所做的預期是具有重要意義的: 【50】

這給所有尋求推廣英語學習和使用的機構提供了基礎,該基礎使它們能在不同的運營環境下應對可能出現的狀況

。這是種必要且實際的方法。在這方面以及許多其他方面,那些希望去影響未來的人一定要對此做好準備。

2018

生詞

生詞

詞義

短語

coincident

adj。

一致的;符合的;同時發生的

farcical

adj。

滑稽的;鬧劇的;引人發笑的

court

n。

法院,法庭;球場;【王宮,宮廷】;朝臣;全體審判人員;庭院,院子;董事(會),理事(會);

v。

奉承,討好;設法取得,追求;招致,引起(不愉快的事);談戀愛,求愛

supreme court 最高法院

company

n。

公司;【陪伴,同伴】;賓客,來賓;在一起的一群人;連隊;劇團,歌舞團;

【accompany】

v。

陪伴,陪同;伴隨,與……一起發生;為……伴奏(或伴唱);附帶,補充

accompany with 伴隨著,兼帶著;陪…同行

prosper

v。

繁榮,成功;蓬勃發展,健康成長;

【property】

n。

所有物,財產;地產,房地產;

property right 產權

intellectual property 智慧財產權;著作權

permanent

adj。

永久的,永恆的;(尤指問題或困難)不斷出現的,一直存在的;【(員工)終生的,長期的】;【(家庭住址)固定的】

permanent residence 長期居留

permanent magnet 永久磁鐵

livelihood

n。

生計,營生

【lively】

adj。

活潑的,生氣勃勃的;熱鬧的,激烈的;生動有趣的;思維活躍的,興趣廣泛的;鮮豔的;味濃的

triumph

n。

巨大成功,重大勝利;(勝利或成功的)喜悅,狂喜;(成功的)典範,楷模;

v。

獲勝,成功;(因勝利或成功而)欣喜,歡躍;

in triumph 勝利地;洋洋得意地;耀武揚威地

exceptional

adj。

卓越的,傑出的;不尋常的,罕見的;(心理或身體上)有缺陷的

n。

(公司賬目上的)異常專案

exceptional performance 非同一般的表現

exceptional circumstances 特殊情況;例外情況

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

1——Shakespeare‘s lifetime was

coincident

with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama。

【46】

By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy

。 These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was

threatening to

make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or

farcical

。 Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and

【47】

no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England。

莎士比亞的一生怡逢戲劇發展充滿活躍、成就輝煌的時期。【46】

在他出生時,歐洲當時正見證著宗教劇的消亡,以及在古典悲劇和喜劇啟發之下新型戲劇形式的誕生

。起初,這些新式戲劇主要由學者編寫、業餘演員表演;但在英格蘭,就像其他西歐國家一樣, 職業演員階層的崛起

預示著

戲劇將要走向大眾,無論是新式戲劇還是舊式戲劇,古典戲劇還是中世紀戲劇,文學劇還是滑稽劇。宮廷、學校、業餘組織及遊走四方的演員都在滿足人們對戲劇娛樂的普遍需求;而且【47】

凡是文法學校的,學童就不會不知道,戲劇這種文學形式曾給希臘和羅馬帶來輝煌,或許也將為英國帶來榮耀。

2——When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London。 For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage。 Plays aiming at

literary distinction

were written for schools or

court

, or for the choir boys of St。Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court。

【48】

But the professional

companies

prospered

in their

permanent

theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to

tum

to these theaters as offering a means of

livelihood

。 By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to

triumph

on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides。

【49】

A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun。

在莎士比亞12歲的時候,首座公共劇院在倫敦建成。文學一度對這種公共舞臺毫無興趣。 想獲取

文學殊榮

的戲劇為學校或宮廷而寫,或為聖保羅大教堂及皇家教堂唱詩班男童而寫,然而,唱詩班男童除了在宮廷表演,也在公開場合表演。【48】

但是專業劇團在他們的固定劇場裡蓬勃發展,而大學裡有文學抱負的人們迅速轉向這些劇場,視其為一種謀生手段

。當莎士比亞25歲時候,利利、皮爾和格林已創作出雅俗共賞的喜劇,基德已編寫出令劇場座無虛席的悲劇,而馬洛則使詩意及創造力在大眾舞臺上大放異彩——兩者自歐里庇德斯逝世以來並無一席之地。【49】

一種本土的文學戲劇已經形成,它與公共劇場的聯盟已經建立,它的偉大傳統中至少有一部分也已經開啟。

3——The development of the Elizabe than drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers。 We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants。【50】

To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no

author of note

whose entire work has survived。

此後的二十五年裡,伊麗莎白戲劇的發展對文學史研究者充滿吸引力,因為在短暫的時間裡,可以追溯到多種戲劇和諸多偉大職業生涯的開始、發展、興盛及衰落。今天,僅僅戲劇創作的數量就令人驚歎,更不要說,當時為倫敦這座有二十萬居民的城市寫作的劇作家數量了。【50】

要想弄明白當時的戲劇活動是何等繁榮,我們還必須記住,大量劇作都已丟失,而且恐怕沒有哪位知名作家的全部作品能倖存至今

2019

生詞

生詞

詞義

短語

recognize

vt。

認出;承認,認可;識別

purport

vt。

聲稱;意圖;意指;打算

n。

意義,主旨;意圖

pernicious

adj。

有害的;惡性的;致命的;險惡的

lay

v。

安放,放置;鋪放,鋪設;下(蛋),產(卵);

n。

(某物的)位置,方向;產卵,產卵期;性夥伴;

adj。

【外行的,非專業的;】

v。

躺;平放;存在,在於

intrigue

v。

激起……的興趣,引發……的好奇心;密謀

n。

密謀策劃,陰謀;秘密的戀情,秘密關係;神秘力量,神秘氣氛

quality

n。

質量,品質;優質,上乘;素質,品德;特徵,特質;

high quality 高品質

quantity

n。

量,數目;大量,大批;(尤指和質量相對的)數量;

quantity of 數量;流量

incorporate

v。

包含,合併;組成公司;摻和,混合(成分);使具體化,體現

adj。

合成一體的,合併的;具體化的;組成公司(或社團)的

incorporate with 合併;混合

原題

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

英一“翻譯”彙總

翻譯

1——It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers

from beginning to end

, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was。 I came to

recognise

various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that

purports

to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1。17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from

pernicious

anaemia。

【46】

There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the

lay

press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms。

直到我開始寫一個關於醫學期刊的每週專欄, 並開始

從頭到尾

研讀科學論文之後,我才意識到很多醫學論文有多麼低劣。我逐漸能識別出一篇糟糕的科學論文的各種特徵:這種論文往往聲稱,每週吃一公斤以上西蘭花的人,晚年患惡性貧血的機率是其他人的1。17倍。【46】

醫學期刊上有大量類似這樣的無稽之談,這些謬論再經由廣播和非專業媒體的傳播,不僅引發人們對健康問題的恐慌,也激起了一陣陣短暫的飲食的熱潮

2——Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society‘s open science website, attempts to answer this

intriguing

and important question。 It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it。 What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself。 There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:

【47】

nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago

。 Never mind the quality, then, count the number。

為什麼有這麼多爛科學論文被髮表出來?最近,英國皇家學會開放科學網站上的一篇題為“爛科學的自然選擇”的論文嘗試回答了這個有趣且重要的問題。論文表示,問題不僅僅是有人在做這種爛科學研究,而且我們現行的職業發展體系還在鼓勵這種爛科學。重要的不是真理,而是幾乎以發表為目的的論文。科研工作中出現了類似通貨膨脹的現象: 【47】

現在任何人想要申請科研崗位,需要發表的論文數量是十年前申請同崗位時的兩倍。

那麼就不要在意質量了,計算數量就好。

3——

【48】

Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to

incorporate

some measure of

quality

as well as

quantity

into the assessment of an applicant’s papers

。 This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account。 【49】

This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours。

【48】

現在也採取了一些措施來抑制這一不良趨勢:例如,試圖在評估申請人的論文時納入一些質量和數量的衡量標準

。這就是著名的“引文索引”,即一篇科學文獻在其他科學論文中被引用的次數。它假設認為重要論文的引用次數會比其他論文多。【49】

這本應該是合理的,但事實是科學工作者們很可能會在未來發表的論文裡引用自己之前的論文,或者找來“合作者”互相引用彼此的論文

4——Boiling down an individual‘s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity。 Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great。

【50】

If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science

用論文發表的數量、期刊影響力等簡單指標來評價一個科學工作者的產出,可以節省大量時間和精力,避免考核標準不明確。不幸的是,使用如此簡單的數量指標來評估科研人員的貢獻,從長期來說,代價可能非常高。【50】

如果我們真心希望確保我們的科學研究既有意義又具有重現性,就必須確保我們的制度鼓勵這樣的科學研究

CUR

標簽: adj  was  46  48  49