如何提高自己批判性思維的能力？

1、廣泛閱讀

2、不要倉促下結論

3、構建體系而不是目標

4、與自己辯論

5、願意改變自己的想法

6、寫作

7、跳離舒適區

https：//www。zhihu。com/video/987811102251589632

上面的影片字幕只有英文，可以用來做泛聽訓練，以下是字幕翻譯。

In my last essay we discussed the importance of critical thinking.

在上一期我們討論了批判性思維的重要性。

Now it's time to answer the trillion dollar question : how do you become a critical thinker.

現在是時候回答這個價值數萬億的問題了——如何成為一個批判性思考者。

I should reiterate that I am talking about critical thinking in the sense that it is a personality trait and not a skill

需要重申的是我是在將批判性思考當作一項個人品質而不是技能的前提下去討論它的。

The tendency to think critically about the world emerges from having the proper character traits.

對這個世界的批判性思考來源於擁有正確的性格特徵。

I think the following traits serve as a good starting point.

以下這些性格特徵將會是一個很好的開始。

Open and fair mindedness, inquisitiveness, flexibility ,a propensity to seek reason, a desire to be well-informed and a respect for and willingness to entertain diverse viewpoints.

Emily Lai Pearson assessments

開放與公平的思想、好奇心、靈活、求知慾、對博學的渴望、尊重並願意接受異見。

Emily Lai Pearson（紐約大學哲學博士）的評估

There is no quick hack to becoming a critical thinker but there are some habits that one can build to alter their character in the right direction.

成為一個批判性思維者並沒有所謂的捷徑，但是一個人可以透過培養一些習慣，從而推動他們的性格朝著正確的方向改變。

Habit number one,read a lot and read widely

習慣一：讀的多且範圍廣

Exposing yourself to unique points of view is a good way to spark constant curiosity and to stay open-minded.

把自己暴露在獨特的觀點之中是一個很好的方法，它能夠點亮持久的好奇心並且保持思想開明。

Well-read people understand that there are multiple ways to look at a problem and multiple lenses with which to view the world.

博學的人知道看待問題有多種方式，看待世界有多重維度。

Habit number two, don't jump to conclusions

習慣二，不要盲目得出結論

A good critical thinker has built up the habit of not jumping to conclusions especially in the absence of data

一個好的批判性思考者會建立一種不盲目下結論的習慣，特別是在資料缺失的情況下。

They only make a judgement once they have studied a topic in some depth and can justify their position with sound reasoning.

他們只有在已經深度研究過這個主題並且能夠用合理的理論來證明自己觀點的情況下，才會得出結論。

Habit number three，create systems not goals

習慣三，建立體系而不是目標

For example creating a system habit or ritual that promotes writing every day is more effective than setting the goal of writing an essay a week

舉個栗子，建立一個每天促使你寫作的系統慣例或是日常，會比一週寫一篇文章的目標來的更有效果。

A system can be measured ,refined and optimized a goal cannot

一個系統可以被評估、提升和最佳化，但目標不行。

I can work on the inputs of my system to create better quality and quantity of outputs

我可以對我係統的輸入進行處理可以得到更高質量和數量的輸出。

A goal only focuses on the outputs to improve the quality of my writing

而一個目標僅僅是透過關注輸出來提升的寫作質量。

I created checklist that I can run through after completing each essay.

我製作了一個在完成一篇文章時可以瀏覽的清單。

Every time I use my system，I create better essays

每一次使用我的系統，我創作了更好的文章。

With every essay I finish,I go back and refine my system. It's a feedback loop that can be measured and improve.

帶著我每次完成的文章，我回去優化了我的系統。這是一個可以不斷評估並且提升的反饋迴圈。

Habit number four,argue with yourself

習慣四，與自己辯論

Great thinkers routinely and intelligently try to counter their own arguments.

優秀的思考者會經常並且充滿智慧地試著反駁自己的觀點。

They go back and forth until only the most rational and strongest argument exists based on the knowledge they have.

基於所擁有的知識，他們會反反覆覆直到最合理且最能站得住的觀點出現

This is also the mission of any good scientists

這同樣也是任何一個優秀科學家的任務

The scientist tries to prove themselves wrong,not right.When they continually fail to do so,it's very likely that only the truth remains.

科學家試著去證明他們是錯的。當他們不斷地在這件事情上失敗時，那很有可能留下來的是真理。

Habit number five be willing to change your opinion

習慣五，願意去改變你的觀點

Be unattached to information.Have the willingness to change an opinion in the face of better data

對資訊保持獨立性。在面對更好的資料時，能夠有意願去改變自己的看法。

Habit number six right writing is thinking

習慣六，正確的寫作就是在思考

The better we get at writing the better we get at thinking.

我們在寫作當中收穫的越好，我們在思考中就能收穫越多。

Writing also helps us separate what we actually know from what we think we know.

寫作同樣幫助我們區分我們確實知道和我們認為我們知道的。

Habit number seven seek adversity

習慣七，尋找困難

This one is controversial but I believe it's the most powerful.

這一點存在爭議但我相信這是最有用的。

The main reason schools fail to teach critical thinking is because they don't create the optimal environment to foster the correct character trains.

學校在批判性思維教學上失敗的主要原因在於他們無法建立一個理想的環境來培育正確的性格

Schools are overly standardized and structured.

學校過度的標準化和組織化。

The rules are very rigid once students understand the rules.School becomes a game once they've established a game strategy that works

一旦學生理解了規則，那麼規則就會變得十分僵化。一旦他們建立了有效的遊戲策略，學校就變成了一個遊戲。

They can play the game very passively and get by.

他們可以消極地玩這個遊戲並且透過。

Most students quickly learn the bare minimum amount of effort required to get a job and then they have no incentive to work harder and to think actively but if you take them out of that game.

大多數學生快速地學習到了找到工作所需的最小努力的分量，於是他們就再也沒有動力去努力學習和積極思考，除非你把他們從這個遊戲裡拖出來。

If you break the immersion，they are now forced to think critically in adversity They learn to create new rules and break old ones

一旦你打斷這種沉浸，他們就會被逼著在困難中批判性思考。他們會學著去創造新的規則並打破舊的。

They have to because it's either do or die

他們不得不這麼做，因為要麼去做，要麼坐以待斃。

The shift from a passive thinker to an active thinker is very subtle on the surface because it happens internally.It requires internal conviction a strong belief in oneself .

從一個被動思考者到積極思考者的轉變在表面上是十分微小的，是因為這一切都發生在內部。他需要內部的信念和對自己的強大信心。

Regardless of how many tips I give someone to become a critical thinker it ultimately has to come from a deep desire within most great women and men have gone through adversity .

無論我給了一個人多少條成為批判性思考者的建議，它最終都不得不來源於大多數人對於克服困難的強烈渴望。

Why? because adversity generates a lot of internal conviction. This internal conviction drives them and constantly shifts them into active modes of thinking instead of living defensively .

為什麼？因為困難產生了大量的內部信念。這些信念驅動著他們並且持續地改變他們進入一種積極的模式而不是消極生活。

They attack life with ferocity. They know they're gonna die one day. Time is running out they don't know when that day will come, so they attack life, they race against death because they have a purpose to fulfill.

他們狠狠地對抗生活。他們知道終有一天他們會走向死亡。時間正在流逝，他們並不知道這一天什麼時候會到來，所以他們對抗生活，他們與死亡賽跑

I like to think of critical thinking as a tendency and not a skill.Great thinkers constantly tend towards critical thinking in their daily lives

我喜歡把批判性思考當作是一個傾向而不是一項技能。優秀的思考者會一直傾向於在日常生活中進行批判性思考。

If school doesn't teach students critical thinking.Where are people learning it?

如果學校不教學生這些，那麼人們應該在哪學習？

life, adversity books , the Internet。

生活，困難，書籍，網路。

These people become critical thinkers despite school, not because of it, they learn it because they have to.

無論是否在學校，這些人們依然成為批判性思考者。不是這些人天生就會，他們學習這一切是因為他們不得不這麼做。

I believe that one day schools will catch up into a better job of fostering this environment but thankfully we always have the power to put ourselves in a position to learn it .

我相信有一天學校將會培育出一種可以獲得更好工作的新環境，但是謝天謝地，我們總是能擁有這種把自己放在一個可以學習這一切的位置上的力量。