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7 Ways to Improve Your Critical Thinking Skills 7步提高你的批判性思維能力 (英中對照版)

作者:由 Peter 發表于 繪畫時間:2019-08-28

因為最近在一家留學機構實習,主要做一些翻譯英文文章方面的工作,所以從今天起我會把我翻譯的外文發上來和大家分享,希望大家能有所收穫噢。

Ransom Patterson

When I was in 7th grade, my U。S。 history teacher gave my class the following advice:

在我七年級的時候,我的美國曆史老師給了我以下的建議:

Your teachers in high school won’t expect you to remember every little fact about U。S。 history。 They can fill in the details you’ve forgotten。 What they will expect, though, is for you to be able to think; to know how to make connections between ideas and evaluate information critically。

你的高中老師不會期望你記住關於美國曆史的每一個小事實。他們可以填補你忘記的細節。他們所期望的是你能夠思考並瞭解如何在想法之間建立聯絡,批判性地評估你得到的資訊。

I didn’t realize it at the time, but my teacher was giving a concise summary of critical thinking。

我沒有意識到的是,我的老師對批判性思維做了一個簡明的總結。

And now that I’m in college, my professors often mention that the ability to think through and solve difficult problems matters more in the “real world” than specific content。

現在我上了大學,我的教授們經常提到,在“現實世界”中,思考和解決難題的能力比具體的內容更加重要。

It seemed like something that my teachers just expected us to pick up in the course of our studies。

這似乎是我的老師希望我們在學習過程中能夠學到的東西。

What is it, how do we do it, why is it important, and how can we get better at it?

它是什麼,我們要怎麼做,為什麼它很重要,我們怎樣才能做得更好?

In addition to answering these questions, I’ll also offer seven ways that you can start thinking more critically today, both in and outside of class。

除了回答這些問題,我還將提供7種方法,讓你從今天開始,在課堂內外都能更加批判性地思考。

What Is Critical Thinking?

什麼是批判性思維?

“Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action。”

– The Foundation for Critical Thinking

“批判性思維是一個智力受訓的過程,它積極而熟練地概念化、應用、分析、整合和/或評估從觀察、經驗、反思、推理或溝通中收集或產生的資訊,以此作為信念和行動的指南。”

——批判性思維的定義

The above definition from the Foundation for Critical Thinking website is pretty wordy, but critical thinking, in essence, is not that complex。

以上定義來自“批判性思維基礎”網站,相當冗長,但批判性思維在本質上並沒有那麼複雜。

Critical thinking is just deliberately and systematically processing informationso that you can make better decisions and generally understand things better。

批判性思維就是有意識地、系統地處理資訊,以便於你做出更好的決定,更透徹地理解事物。

Ways to critically think about information include:

批判性思考資訊的方法包括:

• Conceptualizing 概念化

• Analyzing 分析

• Synthesizing 整合

• Evaluating 評估

That information can come from sources such as:

獲取資訊的途徑包括:

• Observation 觀察

• Experience 經驗

• Reflection 反思

• Reasoning 推理

• Communication 溝通

And all this is meant to guide:

這些都是為了指導:

• Beliefs 信念

• Action 行動

You can also define it this way:

你也可以這樣定義:

Critical thinking is the opposite of regular, everyday thinking。

批判性思維是日常思維的對立面。

When you think critically, you deliberately employ any of the above intellectual tools to reach more accurate conclusions than your brain automatically would (more on this in a bit)。

當你批判性地思考時,你會有意識地使用上述所有智力工具,來得出比你的大腦自動得出的更準確的結論(稍後會詳細介紹)。

This is what critical thinking is。 But so what?

這就是批判性思維。但那又怎樣?

Why Does Critical Thinking Matter?

為什麼批判性思維很重要?

Most of our everyday thinking is uncritical。

我們的日常思維大多是不加批判的。

If we had to think deliberately about every single action (such as breathing, for instance), we wouldn’t have any cognitive energy left for the important stuff like D&D。

如果我們必須有意識地思考每一個動作(比如呼吸),我們將沒有任何認知能量留給像設計與開發這樣重要的事情。

We can run into problems, though, when we let our automatic mental processes govern important decisions。

然而,當我們讓自己的自動思維過程控制重要的決定時,我們就會遇到問題。

Even day to day, it’s easy to get caught in pointless arguments or say stupid things just because you failed to stop and think deliberately。

日復一日,你很容易陷入無意義的爭論或說一些愚蠢的話,僅僅因為你沒有停下來認真思考。

But you’re reading College Info Geek, so I’m sure you’re interested to know why critical thinking matters in college。

但因為你正在閱讀大學的資訊極客,所以我相信你有興趣知道為什麼批判性思維在大學裡很重要。

Here’s why:

原因如下:

According to Andrew Roberts, author of The Thinking Student’s Guide to College, critical thinking matters in college because students often adopt the wrong attitude to thinking about difficult questions。 These attitudes include:

《思考學生的大學指南》一書的作者安德魯·羅伯茨認為,批判性思維在大學裡很重要,因為學生在思考難題時往往採取了錯誤的態度。這些態度包括:

• Ignorant certainty。 In college and in life, however, the answers to most meaningful questions are rarely straightforward。

• 無知的確定性。在大學和生活中,大多數有意義的問題,它們的答案很少是明確的。

• Naive relativism。 While it’s certainly a more “critical” approach than ignorant certainty, naive relativism is still inadequate since it misses the whole point of critical thinking: arriving at a more complete, “less wrong” answer。

• 天真的相對主義。儘管相對於無知的確定性而言,這無疑是一種更“批判性”的方法,但天真的相對主義仍然是不夠的,因為它忽略了批判性思維的整個要點:得出一個更完整的、“錯誤更少”的答案。

• Critical thinking also matters in college because:

• 批判性思維在大學裡也很重要,因為:

• It allows you to form your own opinions and engage with material beyond a superficial level。

• 它能讓你形成自己的觀點,並能越過表面,發現本質。

• It allows you to craft worthy arguments and back them up。

• 它能讓你構思出有價值的論點並加以支援。

• It helps you evaluate your own work。

• 他能幫你評估你的工作。

Doing college level work without critical is a lot like walking blindfolded: you’ll get somewhere, but it’s unlikely to be the place you desire。

上大學而不具備批判性思維,就像蒙著眼睛走路一樣:你會到達某個地方,但它不太可能是你想去的地方。

The value of critical thinking doesn’t stop with college, however。 Once you get out into the real world, critical thinking matters even more。 This is because:

然而,批判性思維的價值並不僅限於大學。一旦你進入現實世界,批判性思維就更重要了。這是因為:

It allows you to continue to develop intellectually after you graduate。

它能讓你在畢業後智力上繼續發展。

It helps you make hard decisions。

它幫助你做出艱難的決定。

People can not and willnot manipulate you。

人們不能也不會操縱你。

It makes you more employable (and better paid)。

它會讓你更有競爭力(薪水也更高)。

7 Ways to Think More Critically

7種更批判性思考的方法

Now we come to the part that I’m sure you’ve all been waiting for: how the heck do we get better at critical thinking?

現在我們來談談你們一直在等待的部分:我們究竟如何才能在批判性思維方面變得更好?

1。 Ask Basic Questions

1。問基本的問題

“The world is complicated。 But does every problem require a complicated solution?”

– Stephen J。 Dubner

“世界是複雜的。但難道每個問題都需要一個複雜的解決方案嗎?”

——史蒂芬·J·杜伯納

Sometimes an explanation becomes so complex that the original question get lost。

有時候,一個解釋變得如此複雜,以至於最初的問題都被忽略了。

Here are a few key basic question you can ask when approaching any problem:

當你遇到任何問題時,你都可以問以下幾個關鍵的基本問題:

• What do you already know?

• 你已經知道什麼?

• How do you know that?

• 你是怎麼知道的?

• What are you trying to prove, disprove, demonstrated, critique, etc。?

• 你想要證明什麼?反駁什麼?論證什麼?批判什麼?等等。

• What are you overlooking?

• 你忽略了什麼?

Seek the simple solution first。

首先尋找簡單的解決方案。

2。 Question Basic Assumptions

2。 質疑基本假設

“When you assume, you make an ass out of you and me。”

“當你在假設的時候,你把我和你都弄得一團糟。”

It’s quite easy to make an ass of yourself simply by failing to question your basic assumptions。

不去質疑自己的基本假設,很容易讓自己出醜。

Some of the greatest innovators in human history were those who simply looked up for a moment and wondered if one of everyone’s general assumptions was wrong。

人類歷史上一些最偉大的創新者只是抬頭看了一會兒,然後想知道人類的普遍假設中有沒有一個是錯的。

You don’t even have to be an aspiring Einstein to benefit from questioning your assumptions。

想從質疑你的假設中受益,你不必成為一個有抱負的愛因斯坦。

All these things can be a reality if you just question your assumptions and critically evaluate your beliefs about what’s prudent, appropriate, or possible。

如果你質疑你的假設,批判性地評估你那些關於什麼是謹慎的、什麼是適當的以及什麼是可能的信念,所有這些都可以成為現實。

If you’re looking for some help with this process, then check out Oblique Strategies。

如果你想在這個過程中尋求一些幫助,那就試試間接策略。

3。 Be Aware of Your Mental Processes

3。注意你的思維過程

Our brains naturally use heuristics (mental shortcuts) to explain what’s happening around us。

我們的大腦自動使用啟發法(思維捷徑)來解釋我們周圍發生的事情。

This was beneficial to humans when we were hunting large game and fighting off wild animals, but it can be disastrous when we’re trying to decide who to vote for。

當我們狩獵大型獵物和擊退野生動物時,這對人類是有益的,但當我們試圖決定投誰的票時,這是災難性的。

A critical thinker is aware of their cognitive biases and personal prejudices and how they influence seemingly “objective” decisions and solutions。

批判性思考者知道自己的認知偏見和個人偏見,以及它們如何影響看似“客觀”的決策和解決方案。

Becoming aware of them is what makes critical thinking possible。

意識到這些是讓批判性思維成為可能的原因。

4。 Try Reversing Things

4。反過來想

A great way to get “unstuck” on a hard problem is to try reversing things。

在一個困難的問題上“脫離”的一個好辦法就是試著反過來想。

The “chicken and egg problem” a classic example of this。

“先有雞還是先有蛋的問題”就是一個經典的例子。

Even if it turns out that the reverse isn’t true, considering it can set you on the path to finding a solution。

即使事實證明反過來想是不正確的,但這個思考過程可以讓你逐漸找出解決方案。

5。 Evaluate the Existing Evidence

5。 評估現有的證據

“If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants。”

– Isaac Newton

“如果我看得更遠,那是因為我站在巨人的肩膀上。”

——艾薩克·牛頓

When you’re trying to solve a problem, it’s always helpful to look at other work that has been done in the same area。

當你試圖解決一個問題時,看看在同一領域做過的其它工作,這總是很有幫助的。

Ask the following questions of any evidence you encounter:

對於你遇到的任何證據,請提出以下問題:

• Who gathered this evidence?

• 誰收集了這些證據?

• How did they gather it?

• 他們是怎麼收集的?

• Why?

• 他們為什麼要收集?

Take, for example, a study showing the health benefits of a sugary cereal。 On paper, the study sounds pretty convincing。 That is, until you learn that a sugary cereal company funded it。

舉個例子,一項研究表明含糖穀物對健康有益。從理論上講,這項研究聽起來相當有說服力。直到你知道是一家含糖穀物公司資助了這項研究。

You can’t automatically assume that this invalidates the study’s results, but you should certainly question them when a conflict of interests is so apparent。

你不能想當然地認為這會使研究結果無效,但當利益衝突如此明顯時,你當然應該質疑它們。

6。 Remember to Think for Yourself

6。 記住要獨立思考

Don’t get so bogged down in research and reading that you forget to think for yourself–sometimes this can be your most powerful tool。

不要因為陷在研究和閱讀的泥沼中而忘記了獨立思考——有時候這會成為你最強大的工具。

Writing about Einstein’s paper “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (the paper that contained the famous equation E=mc2), C。P。 Snow observed that “it was as if Einstein ‘had reached the conclusions by pure thought, unaided, without listening to the opinions of others。”

C。P。斯諾在研究愛因斯坦的論文《論運動物體的電動力學》(這篇論文包含了著名等式E=mc2)時注意到,“愛因斯坦似乎是透過純粹的思考,獨立地,不聽取他人意見而得出結論的”

Don’t be overconfident, but recognize that thinking for yourself is essential to answering tough questions。

不要過於自信,但要認識到,獨立思考對於回答棘手的問題至關重要。

7。 Understand That No One Thinks Critically 100% of the Time

7。 要明白,沒有人會百分之百地進行批判性思考

“Critical thinking of any kind is never universal in any individual; everyone is subject to episodes of undisciplined or irrational thought。”

– Michael Scriven and Richard Paul

“任何一種批判性思維在任何人身上都不是普遍適用的;每個人都有不守紀律或不理性思考的時候。”

-邁克爾·斯克裡文和理查德·保羅

Critical thinking is a tool that you should deploy when you need to make important decisions or solve difficult problems, but you don’t need to think critically about everything。

批判性思維是一種工具,當你需要做出重要的決定或解決困難的問題時,你應該使用它,但你不需要批判性地思考每件事。

And even in important matters, you will experience lapses in your reasoning。 What matters is that you recognize these lapses and try to avoid them in the future。

甚至在重要的事情上,你也會經歷推理上的失誤。重要的是,你要認識到這些失誤,並在未來儘量避免它們。

Even Isaac Newton, genius that he was, believed that alchemy was a legitimate pursuit。

天才如牛頓,也會相信鍊金術是一種正當的追求。

Conclusion

結論

As I hope you now see, learning to think critically will benefit you both in the classroom and beyond。 I hope this post has given you some ideas about how you can think more critically in your own life。 Remember: learning to think critically is a lifelong journey, and there’s always more to learn。

正如我希望你們現在看到的那樣,學習批判性思維將使你們在課堂內外都受益。我希望這篇文章能讓你對如何在自己的生活中更批判性地思考有一些想法。記住:學習批判性思維是一生的課題,學無止境。

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