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第九講 情態動詞和虛擬語氣

作者:由 講英語的朱老師 發表于 繪畫時間:2022-01-06

第九講 情態動詞和虛擬語氣

一、情態動詞

情態動詞有一定的意義,表示人的看法和態度,不表示動作或狀態,因而不能單獨做謂語,必須和實意動詞或系動詞的原形一起構成謂語,沒有人稱和數的變化。把情態動詞放在句首、句尾用問號便構成疑問句;在其後加上not或never等否定詞就構成否定句。如:

常用的情態動詞有can, could; may, might; must; should; need; dare; ought to 等。

(一)can/could 的用法

1、表示具備某種“能力”,但不一定做事情。僅僅表示有能力而已。can表示現在;could表示過去。如:

The nine-year old boy can swim across the river。 那個九歲的男孩能遊過那條河。

Can you swim across the river? 你能遊過那條河嗎?

2、表示“請求”(疑問句中)、“允許”。Could 比 Can 委婉;兩者都指現在。回答一律用 can 或 cannot, 也可以用mustn’t。 如:

Can /could I smoke here? 我可以在這裡抽菸嗎?

Yes, you can。 是的,你可以。

No, you cannot smoke here。 你不能在這裡抽菸。

You can go now。 你現在可以走了。

Could you lend me $55? 你能借給我55美圓嗎?

Yes, of course。 當然可以。

No, I cannot/I’m sorry I cannot。 不,不行/對不起,恐怕不行。

Could you tell me where John is? 你能告訴我約翰在哪兒嗎?

3、表示“可能性”。 但是並不牽涉到是否真會發生:都可以表示現在和將來,只是could的語氣更加不肯定。如

That can/could be very awkward。 那可就太尷尬了。

Can/Could it be true? 那會/可能是真的。

That can’t/couldn’t be true。 那不可能是真的。

Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother。 你去接電話好嗎?可能是你媽媽。

(二)may/might 的用法

1、表示允許或請求允許;might語氣更禮貌:

May I turn on the TV? 我可以把電視開啟嗎?

You may go home now。 你現在可以回家了。

She asked if she might have my bike。 她問是否可以借用我的腳踏車。

He told me I might go and see him any time。 他和我說我可在任何時候去見他。

can/could和may/might 都可以表示允許和請求允許。can最直截了當;could 禮貌客氣;may 既尊重又婉轉禮貌;might 帶者太多的虛禮,所以很少使用。

2、表示可能性,是“也許”之意。這時may和might無時間上的差別,只是might在語氣上更不肯定一些。如:

You may/might have some fever。 你也許發燒了。He said that the news might be true。 他說這訊息可能是真的。

They may/might be having a bath。 他們也許正在洗澡。

We may be buying a new house。 我們也許要買個新房子。

表示可能性時,may/might不用於疑問句,可用can/could或別的說法。如:

Is it likely to rain, do you think? 會下雨嗎,你認為?(不說May it rain?)

Can/could they be having a bath? 他們可能正在洗澡嗎?

(三)must的用法

1、表示義務、命令或勸告,是“必須”之意。對自己、對別人均可:

We must take this seriously。 我們必須嚴肅對待這事。

Patients must use medicine according to the doctor’s orders。 病人用藥必須遵醫囑。

在回答由must引起的問題時,如果是否定回答,多用needn’t 或 don’t have to,表示“不必、沒必要”;而mustn’t表示“絕對不行、不可以”的意思,有時用來回答can或may開頭的問句,表示口氣很強的不允許:

Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they don’t have to/they needn’t。 女士們必須著連衣裙嗎?不,不必。

Can/May I come in? No, you can’t/mustn’t。 可以進來嗎?不行/絕對不行。

must 僅用於表示現在和未來。其他時態用have to。但在間接引語中可用must表示過去:

I had to leave early because I wasn’t feeling well。 我不得不早點離開,因為我覺得不舒服。

You’ll have to take care of the child。 你將不得不照顧這個孩子。

She has had to work over ten hours a day。 她一直不得不每天工作十幾個小時。

2、表示推測,是“肯定、一定”之意。此時,must只用於肯定句。在否定句或疑問句中,用can/could:

There must be a mistake。 準是弄錯了。

Can/Could there be a mistake 可能會有錯嗎?

There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake。 不可能會有錯嗎?

He must be over sixty now。 他肯定六十多歲了。

我們先對錶示“推測”的表達法作一個總結:

(1)表示對現在和將來狀況的推測:must 一定,may 可能,might 也許,can’t 不可能。從“一定”到“不可能”,可能性逐漸降低。

(2)對已經過去的情況的推測:must, may, might, can’t/couldn’t 這些詞後面分別加上have + 過去分詞,表示“一定…”,“可能…”, “也許…”,“不可能…”。從“一定”到“不可能”,可能性逐漸降低。

(四)need的用法

作為情態動詞,need一般只用於否定句和疑問句中。

You needn’t try to explain。 你不需要解釋。

She needn’t come tomorrow。 她明天不必來。

Need we stay here this evening? 今晚我們需要在這兒住下來嗎?

Need 作為實意動詞比作為情態動詞常用的多。實意動詞need 可用在所有句型中。

She needs to come tomorrow。 明天她需要來。

You don’t need any help from others。 你不需要別人的任何幫助。

He doesn’t need to borrow money。 他不需要借錢。

(五)dare的用法

情態動詞dare通常用於疑問句,否定句和條件狀語從句中,表示“敢”的意思:

Dare he swim across the river? 他敢遊過這條河嗎?

He dare not come to see me。 他不敢來見我。

I dare not say so。 我不敢這樣說。

實際上,在現代英語中,dare往往用做實意動詞:

Do you dare to ask her? 你敢問她嗎?

He didn’t dare to go。 他不敢去。

I would never dare to jump down from the wall。 我永遠也不敢從那堵牆上跳下來。

Does anyone dare to call me a liar? 有誰敢說我是個說謊者嗎?

(六)should/ought to的用法

兩者大多數情況下可以互換。

1、表示道義上的責任,義務或要求,有時表示勸告。ought to的否定式為ought not to /oughtn’t to。如:

You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says。 你應該更多的注意你律師的話。

They shouldn’t allow parking here。 The street is too narrow。 這裡不應該允許停車,街道太窄了。

This word is spelt wrongly。 There should be another “s”。

這個詞拼寫錯了,還應該有一個 “s”。

I should go slowly here。 It’s a built-up area。 這裡我應該慢點兒走。這個地區建築物多。

2。 表示推測和可能性,是“應該”之意。 表示對現在和將來的推測。

You ought not to/shouldn’t be sleeping now。 It’s already eight o’clock。 你不該還在睡覺,都已經八點了。

This pen ought to /should be yours。 這支筆應該是你的。

If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now。 如果火車晚點的話,JOHN現在馬上就應該到了。

3、“should/ought to have+過去分詞”表示對過去的推測,意 思 是“應該已經”。有時表示“應該做而沒有做”,是“本應該”的意思;“should not/ought not to have+過去分詞”表示“做了不應該做的事情”,是“本不該”的意思,因而它們都含有責備的語氣:

He began two hours ago。 He ought to have finished filling in the forms now。 兩個鐘頭前他就開始了,現在應該填完那些表格了。

One should have been asleep and the other on watch。 本應該一個睡覺,另一個站崗。。

You should not have asked him for help。 你本不應該向他求助。

4、表示講話人驚奇,失望,憤怒等感情:

What’s happened to that money? How should I know? 那些錢怎麼了?-我怎麼知道?

It’s strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that。 真奇怪,他竟然為這麼小的事情發脾氣。

Why should I believe you? 我為什麼要相信你?

(七) 幾個用法的區別

1、 can 和be able to的區別。can在表示“能力”時與be able to同義。但是can的時態形式不如be able to多。在一般將來時和現在完成時中只能用be able to。如:

She will be able to dance in a week。 她再過一星期就會跳舞了。

Nobody has ever been able to do it。 從來沒有人能夠做這事。

在過去時中,could表示具備某種能力,但不一定做事;而was able to表示努力設法去做謀事,成功後說明有能力,相當managed to do或succeeded in doing。這時,could和was able to是不能互換的。例如:

When he was a boy, he could swim across the river in fifteen minutes。 他小時侯,15分鐘就能遊過那河。(could表示能力,但不一定這麼做)

He was able to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week。

=He managed to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week。

=He succeeded in swimming across the river in fifteen minutes last week。

上週他15分鐘就遊過了那河。(was able to表示真這樣做了,而且成功了。這裡不能用could)

2、must與 have to的比較。 Must 強調主觀意志,也就是說,必要性來自說話者的主觀意志。 have to 強調客觀因素。例如:

He must stop smoking。 他必須戒菸。(說話人認為他必須)

This is an awful film。 ?We really must go。 這部電影糟透了-我們一定要離開這裡。(說話人認為必須)

You have to go and see the boss。 你一定得去見見老闆。(客觀因素)

Catholics have to go to church on Sundays。 天主教徒星期天必須去做禮拜。(客觀因素,如教規等 )

注意:must not表示“絕對不可”; don’t have to(或 haven’t got to )表示“不必,沒必要”,兩者意思極為不同。英國英語中常用needn’t來代替 haven’t got to 或don’t have to,如:

You mustn’t tell Jenny。 =Don’t tell Jenny。 你一定不要告訴珍妮。

You don’t have to tell Jenny。 =You can if you like but it isn’t necessary。 你不必非要告訴珍妮。

3、need 作為情態動詞與行為動詞的區別。作為情態動詞,need 無過去式和將來時,故用had to, will have to替代,主要用在否定句、疑問句、條件句中,意思是“有必要”。例如:

He need not come at once。 他不必馬上就來。

If you need go there, please tell me now。 如果你需要去那兒,請告訴我。

Need he come at once? 他必須馬上回來嗎?

(回答要用must, have to, ought to, should等。例如:Need he come at once? Yes, he must/ought to /should/has to。 No, he needn’t /doesn’t have to /mustn’t。)needn’t have done表示“本來不必做某事而實際上已經做了”。例如:

We needn’t have waited for him。 我們本來不必等他的。(實際上已等他了)

用作實義動詞時,need可用於肯定句、 否定句和疑問句,是“需要”之意。如:

You need to wash your hands。 你需要洗手。

Does he need to take the medicine four times a day? 他需要每日服藥四次嗎?

We didn’t need to see him at all。 我們根本不必要看他(實際上也沒去看他,請比較needn’t have done的用法)

need做實義動詞時,後面的賓語如果是動名詞,用主動形式表示被動意義,如果是不定式的被動形式,來表示被動意義。類似need的這種用法,還有require, want等。例如:

The dinning room needs cleaning every day。 =The dinning room needs to be cleaned every day。 食堂需要天天打掃。

My shoes need repairing。 = My shoes need to be repaired。 我的鞋需要修理。

4、would與 used to 的區別 。would 可表示反覆發生的動作或某種傾向。used to表示過去的習慣動作或狀態,強調現在已不存在。例如:

She used to work into the night。 過去她常工作到深夜。(現在不了)

She would work into the might。 以前她常工作到深夜。(不表示現在不了)

People used to think that the sun went round the earth。 以前人們總認為太陽是圍繞地球轉的。(現在不這樣認為了)

I used to smoke quite a lot, but I have given it up。 我過去抽菸很兇,現在戒了。

情態動詞的重點和難點是:情態動詞之間的區別;表示“推測”的表達方式;以及“情態動詞+have+過去分詞”

二、虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣是英語中的一個難點,因為虛擬語氣的用法和句型較多,動詞的變化比較複雜。在學習的時候要逐個過關。同時,也要善於發現虛擬語氣的規律。根據動詞的變化,大致可以把虛擬語氣分為三種:

一種是動詞用過去式,過去分詞式,或過去將來式,這主要是用if…, wish, suppose的情況;

一種是動詞用should+動詞原形(should可以省略),這主要用於表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動詞或名詞後面所接的從句,以及It is important (necessary) that…後面所接的從句;

一種是動詞用過去式,如It is (high) time (that)…和I would rather 後面的從句。同學們還可以自己總結適合自己的規律,如把虛擬語氣句型可以分為用於簡單句、條件狀語從句、賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句、定語從句、同位語從句等。

(一)虛擬語氣用於表示假設的條件狀語從句,狀語從句相當於漢語的“假如…” “要是…”等。

1、對現在的虛擬,表示與現在事實相反的假設時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用過去式(be的過去式用were。而主句中的謂語動詞用would (should, could, might) + 動詞原形。見下表:

條件狀語從句的動詞形式 主句的動詞形式

If+主語+動詞過去式(be的過去式were。在口語等非正式場合中,I,he,she,it等後面也可用was。但在If I were you中,一定要用were,不能用was。 I (we)should+動詞原形

主語+would (might,could)十動詞原形

1、例句:

If I were you, I should study English。

If he had time, he would attend the meeting。

If this were the case, it would be very awkward。

2、對過去的虛擬,表示與過去的事實相反的假設時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時,主句的謂語動詞用would (should, could, might)+過去分詞。見下表:

條件狀語從司的動詞形式 主句的動詞形式

If+主語+had+過去分詞 i(we)should+have+過去分詞

主語+could (might,could)+have + 過去分詞

例句:

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination。

I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination。

You didn’t let me drive。 If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired。

3、表示與將來事實相反的假設,對將來表示懷疑,或將來的動作不太可能實現時,條件狀語從句和主句的謂語動詞有以下形式:(見表)

條件狀語從句的動詞形式(三種) 主句的動詞形式

(1)if十主語+動詞過去式(be的過去式用were),通常要與一個表示將來的時間狀語連用。

(2)If+主語(任何人稱和數)+should+動詞原形

(3)if+主語(任何人稱和數)+were to+動詞原形 I(we)should+動詞原形

主語+would (might, could)+動詞原形

請看以下句子:

1)If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off。 (說明:The weather has been very changeable these days。) 條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用現在時,表示說話人認為下雨的可能性很大。

2)If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off。 (說明:The weather has been very good these days。) 條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用過去時,表示說話人認為下雨的可能性不大。

3)If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off。 (萬一明天下雨,我們的野餐就推遲)。條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用should+動詞原形,說明下雨的可能性很小或沒有可能,如果下雨,那將是出乎意料的。

4)If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off。這句話與上一句意思幾乎一模一樣。

If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him。

If she were to miss the train tomorrow, she might come back and start off again the day after tomorrow。

4、當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發生的時間不一致時,動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間來調整。這與以上三種情況不同,虛擬語氣的謂語動詞形式沒有遵循以上規律。

For example:

If you had worked hard, you would be very tired。 (從句說的是過去,主句指的是現在。)

If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now。

If I were you, I would have gone home。

5。 以上句型可以轉換成以下形式:

1)條件狀語從句省略if:在書面語中,如果條件狀語從句的謂語中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 並將were, had 或should 放到句首,謂語主語之前,用 “Were/Had/Should + 主語”的形式。這種虛擬語氣在意義上與帶if 的條件狀語從句相同。當然,如果從句沒有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if。

If I were to do it, I’d do it some other way。 →Were I to do it, I’d do it some other way。

If you should fail, try again。 →Should you fail, try again。

If you had been here earlier, you would have seen him。 →Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him。

但是,If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting。這句話if 就不能省略。

而且,在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略了if的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可以說:

Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy。

但不能說:Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy。

2)含蓄性虛擬語氣:

Without air, there would be no living things。

But for your help, I couldn’t have done it。

Without electricity human life would be quite different today。

6、虛擬語氣省略條件從句或主句

表示虛擬語氣的條件句的主句或從句有時可以省略,而省略部分的含義仍有所體現。

1)省略條件從句,如:

It would be very nice。

You could have done it yourself。 (省略If you had wanted to。上下文可以看出You didn’t want to。) (Fact: You didn’t do the work yourself because you didn’t want to。)

I wouldn’t smoke。 (省略If I were you。) (表面上說我,實際上說你。這是一種委婉的表達法。(Fact: You smoke very often。 I advise you not to smoke any more。)

2)省略主句:在強調條件從句時,常省略主句,這種句子常表示一種“已不能實現”的願望,主要用於If only 引導的感嘆句中。

For example:

If only he were here!

If only I knew more!

If only he had stayed with us!

(二)虛擬語氣的其他句型和用法

1、用在“wish+賓語從句”中,表示很難實現或不能實現的願望,可以翻譯為“但願…”, “悔不該…”等。表示現在不能實現的願望,從句的謂語動詞用過去式;表示將來的願望,從句的謂語動詞用“would (could)+動詞原形”;對過去的事情表示願望,從句的謂語動詞用 “had+過去分詞” 或“could + have + 過去分詞”。Wish 後面的賓語從句必須用虛擬語氣,不管這個願望是否能實現。如:

I wish it were Spring all the year round。

I wish you could go with us。

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier。

注意:wish 與hope接賓語從句的區別在於:hope表示一般可以實現的希望,賓語從句用陳述語氣。Wish表示很難或不大可能實現的願望,賓語從句用虛擬語氣。請比較:

We hope we will succeed。 (We don’t know if we will succeed。)

We wish we would succeed。 (We know we can hardly succeed。)

2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引導的從句中: 這時,如果從句中表示的動作發生在過去,則謂語動詞用had+過去分詞形式;如果指的時現在的狀況,則用過去式(be用were);指將來則用would(should, could)+動詞原形。這裡只看從句動作發生的時間,與主句的時態沒有關係。

For example:

Some metals look at first sight as though they were gold。

He looked as if he were an artist。

He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in the U。S。

He always sounds as if he would help you。

When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken。

Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem。

She looks as if/though she were ill。

He walks as if he were a king。

He acted as if nothing had happened。

He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse。

3、在It is (high) time (that)…句型中,後面的從句的謂語動詞常用過去式(be的過去式用were), 或用should+動詞原形(should 不能省略)來表示。這句話的意思是“(現在)該…”。For example:

It is time we left/should leave。

It is high time that you got married。

It is time that I bought a car。

It is high time that I should lose some weight。

It is time that I bought an apartment。

It is time that we took a rest。

4、在 I would rather (that)…句型中,後面的從句的謂語動詞用過去式(be的過去式用were)。這句話的意思是“我寧可…”,表示說話人的意願。

I’d rather I were in the rain now。

I’d rather you did not tell him。

5、用在suppose開頭的祈使句中,從句的謂語動詞變化與as if後面的動詞變化規律相同,用過去式、過去完成式、或過去將來式。意思是“假如…”,但suppose 是動詞,不是連詞。如:

Suppose the boss walked in。 What should I do?

Suppose Saddam had not been captured。 What would the U。S。 do?

Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent。 What would China do?

6、用在for fear that或lest引導的從句中,表示“怕…”“萬一…”等意思。從句的謂語動詞用should+動詞原形,should 可以省略。如:

She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold。

The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged。

Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building。

7。 在表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動詞,如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move(提議)後面的賓語從句中,謂語動詞用should + 動詞原形,should 可以省略,而引導賓語從句的that 不能省略。例如:

We suggested that we (should) have a meeting。

We insisted that they (should) go with us。

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days。

He demanded that we (should) start right away。

The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed。

The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down。

注意:suggest 表示“暗示”時,賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。Insist後面強調的是事實時,賓語從句也不用虛擬語氣。如:

The neighbor suggested that his wife was having an affair。

He insisted that he was right。

Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything。

8、使用上述表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動詞派生的名詞,或在這些動詞用作名詞時,名詞之後的從句用虛擬語氣,即從句的謂語動詞用should+動詞原形,should 可以省略。從句的引導詞that 不能省略。這與上述第7項類似。如:

He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off。 = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off。

Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized。 = We suggest that education not be industrialized。

9、上述動詞在It is suggested that…, It is required that…, It’s requested that…, It’s ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中,that 之後的從句用虛擬語氣,即謂語動詞用should+動詞原形, should 可以省略,但引導詞that 不能省略。如:

It was suggested that he attend the conference。

It was requested that the trial be openly reported。

10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that…句型中,that 引導的從句用虛擬語氣,即謂語動詞用should + 動詞原形,should可以省略。這個句型表示說話人的意見、要求等。

It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter。

It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July。

另外,在一些習慣用語中也有虛擬語氣的形式。但最好把這些習慣用語作為一種句型來記住。如:

May you succeed!

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

Everybody leave the room!

You had better not resign。

I would rather not tell you。

標簽: 從句  動詞  should  would  could