GMAT語法04 | 語法結構&邏輯關係，這兩個到底誰重要？
Agreement， Verb form， Parallelism， Diction， 和Idiom都涉及到了語法相關的問題，為什麼GMAT還單獨列出了一個Grammatical Construction考點呢？
因為之前提到的幾類考點往往只針對某一個單詞或短語，而GMAT還想再強調整個句式上的語法結構，在這點上更重要的是如果寫出有效的句式表達。
GMAT2020版官方指南
1. 句子的完整性
有效句式表達的第一步，是不在句子結構上犯語法錯誤。每個正確的句子應該保證至少一個主語謂語動詞的結構。
例1
✔：“The shipping
company promised that
the package would be delivered on time。”
✘：“The shipping
company that
the package would be delivered on time。”
例2
✔：“
In any case, the contract is
acceptable。”
✘：“
In any case is
acceptable。”
例3
✔：“
Rushing to defend its nest, the swan
pecked at the intruder。”
✘：“
Rushing to defend its nest. The swan
pecked at the intruder。”
2. 標點符號
要保證句子的完整性，第二點是能利用好的逗號，分號等進行正確的斷句。
例4
✔：“The cupboard contained
two boxes of tea, a bag of rice, and a jar of pickles
。”
✘：“The cupboard contained
two boxes of tea a bag of rice, and contained a jar of pickles
。”
例5
✔：“The weather yesterday was
hot, and there were
thunderstorms in the evening。”
✘：“The weather yesterday was
hot and there were
thunderstorms in the evening。”
例6
✔：“We should cancel
the cricket match; the rain will continue
all afternoon。”
✘：“We should cancel
the cricket match the rain will continue
， all afternoon。”
我們來看一個句子，
“If you clean the filter before it becomes so clogged that it impedes the flow can prevent costly repairs in the long run。”
句中主要的動詞結構是can prevent，但如果按照現有的句型，you clean the filter的部分就導致全句的語法錯誤。我們可以將其改成
✔：“Cleaning the filter before it becomes so clogged that it impedes the flow can prevent costly repairs in the long run。”
再來看一例子，
“The headphones provided with the audio player that although she bought them last year， they never worked。”
這句應該怎麼改呢？
✔：“The headphones provided with the audio player that she bought last year never worked。”
在複雜的句式結構上，GMAC提了3點：
習慣用語結構（Idiomatic construction）
倒裝結構（Inverted structures）
省略結構（Elliptical constructions）
這三種往往在考場的高壓下，很難在第一時間被發現。我的建議是在練習SC題時把見過的這三種結構整理出來，增強對它們的敏感度。
例7
“The greater the thread count， the higher the price。”
“Better a small nutritious meal than a large unwholesome one。“
“’Tell me about it，’ said his uncle。”
“In neither case could I find the needed information。”
“The film I saw last night was boring。”
“I reviewed the report even though I didn’t want to。”
為避免考生過度考慮句式的語法結構，GMAC也指出了
不會在SC出題範圍內
的兩點：
Fragments that function as complete sentences in special contexts
Punctuation as editorial style
分別對應之前提到的句式完整性和標點符號。
例如“The one on the left。”或“Because the delivery was late。”或“Not again！”
口語化的表達儘管不是完整的句式，但也不會出現在SC的題目中。
又或者是決定逗號（comma）在引號（quotation mark）的內側還是外側，這些
學術寫作中需要注意的細節，也不會在SC中出現
。
儘管句式上的語法正確很重要，GMAC強調了句間的邏輯關係也是關鍵所在。這兩者之間也存在緊密的聯絡，
往往一些句式上的誤導就導致邏輯關係中的修飾物件錯誤
。
3. Position and scope of modifiers
例8
✔：“
I put the cake that I baked
by the door。”
✘：“I put the cake by
the door that I baked
。”
例9
✔：“
Concerned that the snake might be venomous, the workers
left in the crate untouched。”
✘：“C
oncerned that it might be venomous, the snake
was left untouched by
the workers in the crate
。”
4. Pronoun-antecedent relationships
例10
✔：“The baker informed the customers
that the cakes were moldy
and would have to be discarded。”
✘：“The baker informed
the customers that they were moldy
and the cakes would have to be discarded。”
例11
✔：“
After reviewing
the report from the consultants，
the company
may consider changing the logo。”
✘：“
After it has reviewed
the report from the consultants，
the logo
may be considered for changing by the company。”
5. Ellipses and extraneous elements
例12
✔：“Work on the stadium renovations
is temporarily at
a standstill。”
✘：“Work on the stadium renovations
is temporarily a
standstill。”
例13
✔：“
The car was traveling
slowly along the highway。”
✘：“
The car's speed was traveling
slowly along the highway。”
6. Reversed relationships
例14
✔：“Last week’s unusually high sales of electric fans can almost certainly be
blamed on
the unseasonably hot weather。”
✘：“Last week’s unusually high sales of electric fans can almost certainly be
blamed for
the unseasonably hot weather。”
7. Ambiguous words and phrases
例15
✔：“She has studied Greek and speaks that language
in addition to
Gujarati。”
✘：“She has studied Greek and speaks it
as well as
Gujarati。”
例16
✔：“Although visitors
are not permitted to
enter the loading docks， they
might
occasionally wander into the area。”
✘：“Although visitors
may not
enter the loading docks， they
may
occasionally wander into the area。”
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