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學術|如何總結文獻

作者:由 ClaraTimes 發表于 詩詞時間:2020-03-22

1. 如何整理文獻

通常情況下,一篇文章由七部分組成:“Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, and References”。在總結文章核心內容之前,最重要的是閱讀文章。

1.1 Scan the article first

如果你嘗試從頭到尾仔仔細細地閱讀一篇新文章,那麼很有可能會被細節綁架,最終迷惑而無所得。如果利用“APA”格式的特點來找要點,閱讀就會事半功倍。

你需要重點瀏覽的部分如下所示:

the research question and reason for the study (stated in the Introduction)

the hypothesis or hypotheses tested (Introduction)

how the hypothesis was tested (Method)

the findings (Results, including tables and figures)

how the findings were interpreted (Discussion)

1.2 Read for depth, read interactively

相信大部分同學都有邊閱讀邊做筆記的習慣,這是一個好辦法,請堅持。但是請記住一點,不要總想透過一次的閱讀就get到所有的內涵,一篇好的文章僅讀一遍是遠遠不夠的。反言之,新文章讀一遍讀不懂很正常,不要妄自菲薄。

在回讀的過程中,建議你邊讀邊思考以下幾個問題:

how does the design of the study address the question posed?

what are the controls for each experiment?

how convincing are the results? Are any of the results surprising?

what does this study contribute toward answering the original question?

what aspects of the original question remain unanswered?

1.3 Plagiarism

總結文章的時候,“Plagiarism”是一個需要特別注意的點。

為了避免抄襲,你可以從以下兩點做起:

用你自己的話記筆記,不要複製+貼上。“Control + C/V” 用時一時爽,真正動筆整理文獻時就只剩兩行淚了。該你乾的活,哪怕你推到最後一秒,你也逃不掉(這段話也寫給我自己)。

要想寫好一篇summary,你需要找出核心點並且能夠用簡潔的語言總結成乾貨。

1.4 Write a first draft

寫draft的時候,你的佈局結構最好和參考的文章一致。你的關注點應該在“content”,而不是“length”,因為稍後你還有機會刪繁就簡。

試著先完成“hypotheses, methods and results”,然後是“introduction”,最後是“discussion”。如果你在哪一部分卡殼了,不用太糾結,直接下一步,做你能做的。做完別的部分之後,再回來重新思考那隻“攔路虎”。

寫draft的具體的步驟如下:

state the research question and explain why it is interesting (1 sentence)。

state the hypothesis/hypotheses tested (1 sentence)。

briefly describe the methods (design, participants, materials, procedure, what was manipulated [independent variables], what was measured [dependent variables], how data were analyzed (1-3 sentences)。

describe the results。 What differences were significant? (1-3 sentences)。

explain the key implications of the results。 Avoid overstating the importance of the findings (1 sentence)。

the results, and the interpretation of the results, should relate directly to the hypothesis。

1.5 Edit for style

儘可能使用簡潔的語言,寫的時候假設你的讀者是該領域的小白。

為此,你需要從以下幾個角度著手:

eliminate wordiness, including most adverbs (“very”, “clearly”)。 “The results clearly showed that there was no difference between the groups” can be shortened to ”There was no significant difference between the groups“

use specific, concrete language。 Use precise language and cite specific examples to support assertions。 Avoid vague references (e。g。 ”this illustrates“ should be ”this result illustrates“)。

use scientifically accurate language。 For example, you cannot ”prove“ hypotheses (especially with just one study)。 You ”support“ or ”fail to find support for“ them。

rely primarily on paraphrasing, not direct quotes。 Direct quotes are seldom used in scientific writing。 Instead, paraphrase what you have read。 To give due credit for information that you paraphrase, cite the author‘s last name and the year of the study (Smith, 1982)。

re-read what you have written。 Ask others to read it to catch things that you’ve missed。

Source: Writing Guides, from the University of Washington

2. 網站推薦

國外的很多大學設立了寫作輔導中心,專門幫助寫作有困難或者想要進一步提高寫作水平的學生。除了線下服務之外,相當一部分大學也會在網路上提供寫作資料。比如,下文提到的幾所學校。

Writing Guides (University of Washington)

https://

psych。uw。edu/undergradu

ate/writing-center/writing-guides

Skills for Academic Success (The Monash University)

https://www。

monash。edu/rlo

Centre for Applied English Studies (The University of Hong Kong)

https://

www5。caes。hku。hk/caescs

s/

Harvard College Writing Center (Harvard University)

https://

writingcenter。fas。harvard。edu

/

建議求知甚旺的同學們多多關注和瀏覽這些“大寶庫”,21世紀,“搜商”也很重要哦。

學術|如何總結文獻

學術|如何總結文獻

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