GRE小白暑期進階筆記31-敵方看法類issue範文精講(範文翻譯+備註，超詳細）
本篇為連載文章，全部連載文章連結如下：
GRE小白暑期進階筆記17-GRE寫作one pass
GRE寫作Issue/Argument評分標準分析
GRE小白暑期進階筆記40-GRE寫作題庫分類
GRE小白暑期進階筆記18-GRE寫作顏餘真黑皮書argument範文25/36
GRE小白暑期進階筆記28-GRE寫作issue具體性指令與是非判斷類範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記29-因果類issue範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記30-兩種看法類issue範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記31-敵方看法類issue範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記32-建議類（1）issue範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記33-建議類（2）issue範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記34-Assumption類範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記35-Evidence類範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記36-Explanation類範文精講
GRE小白暑期進階筆記37-Question類範文精講
例題舉證
題綱
總立場：
不同意題目觀點
分論點1（我的看法）：
學生精力不夠，無法同時兼顧專業 和專業外的學習。
分論點2（我的看法）：
如果貿然開設豐富多樣的課程，學 校的師資、物資可能捉襟見肘。
分論點3（敵方看法）：
有人可能會反對我的觀點。他們認 為：學生的確應該選擇專業之外的課程（對敵方看法的陳述）。 他們之所以這樣認為，一來可能是因為希望學生拓寬知識面；另 一方面可能是因為這樣做能夠讓學生借鑑不同學科的方法論，從 而加深對本專業知識的理解。
（對敵方看法的分析）
但是我認 為，雖然這樣的看法具有一定的合理性，但並非所有學生選擇了 課程就一定能認真聽講並且充分消化知識，最後做到靈活運用。 而如果要中和兩種看法的矛盾，我們可以為學生提供選修課的機 會。
（對敵方看法的評價）
題庫範文
A leader is elected to lead the government and serve the people。 The personalities of leaders have always been the center of political discussions。
（背景）
Some people claim that an official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards in order to be an effective leader。 From my point of view， people with high moral standards will
be more inclined to
be effective leaders but these high standards
do not necessarily
achieve effectiveness。
In some cases,
remaining loyal to high moral principles without any chance of compromise will weaken a leader’s effectiveness。
（承認合理性，指出不必然性）
Before going any further, it is necessary to clarify the definition of
“effective”。 Since the mission of a political leader， in my view， is to unite the people， distribute limited resources， and make important decisions to ensure social prosperity。
Simply put,
an effective leader must promote the welfare of the people he or she serves。 With this definition， we can now discuss how moral standards impact a leader’s effectiveness。
（定義作基，高遠立意，科學論證）
Maintaining high ethical and moral standards can definitely promote a leader’s effectiveness because his or her personality will attract support and cooperation from the public。 In other words， his or her political views are more likely to be accepted by the people， making political goals more likely to achieve。 For example， in Chinese history an emperor with high moral standards was usually admired and loved by his people。 People were more willing to execute the emperor’s orders， facilitating the accomplishment of his political goals。 That is why strong， prosperous dynasties， such as those of the Han， Tang and Song， were founded by emperors with high moral principles。
（用古代君主事例論證高道德與高效率的正相關性）
However, effectiveness does not necessarily originate in
the moral standards。 The possession of high moral standards cannot guarantee a leader will be effective nor can a leader’s effectiveness be denied if he or she does not possess superior moral qualities。 For instance， imagine a country plagued 困擾by terrorism。 One of the primary goals of the country’s leaders
in this scenario
is to defend the people they serve。 If they could lead the nation to win the war on terror， despite some immoral means taken to achieve the goal， they must be considered effective。 Some may argue that without high moral qualities， leaders will be despised or even overthrown。 How can a leader be effective when he or she is not in power？ Leaders may lose power if they are morally despicable 可鄙的but they are not required to have the highest moral standards。 People can be quite tolerant when it comes to their leader’s morality。 As long as a leader’s moral qualities do not jeopardize the people’s interests， minor defects can be ignored。 After all， given the definition of effectiveness above， an immoral leader may accomplish his or her mission if he or she is able to identify critical social goals and has the skills to coordinate governmental operations。
These are the true sources of effectiveness. (反對：根據前文效率定義論證高道德與高效率沒有必然聯絡）
In addition， in some cases adhering to the highest moral standards actually backfires產生出乎意料及事與願違的結果， because some high moral principles， such as honesty and integrity， require actions that place national interest in jeopardy。 If， for example， a nation’s leader is asked to reveal confidential and sensitive information concerning national defense， he or she ought to， from a purely moral perspective， be candid公正的坦白的 and not withhold any information。 However， we could easily recognize the danger of revealing such information to the public， which could be abused by terrorists。
Some may argue this example is too absolute and rare and thus cannot serve as compelling evidence.
This scenario， however，
reflects the inherent conflict between
moral ideology and reality， in which compromises are often required。
Such conflict is ubiquitous in the real world. （反對：舉例論證死守道德準則的危害，得出結論---leaders時常需要compromise）
To summarize， it is evident that high moral qualities do not equate to effective leadership。 In some cases a leader’s loyalty without exception to high moral principles can create serious problems and even harm social interests。
That being said,
possessing high moral standards can help leaders achieve their political mission， because such qualities will help them earn people’s trust and support and facilitate governmental efficiency。 （675 words）
（總結：高道德不等於高效率，但在一些時候能促進效率）
After undergoing a marathon journey from primary to high school and then to university, students are confronted by another dilemma:
how to strike a balance between their majors and courses in other fields。 A similar quandary 困惑；窘境；為難must have perplexed educators for decades as they grappled 抓住；與…格鬥with designing university courses。
While at first glance it may seem appealing to
require students to take various courses outside of their fields of study，
I remain doubtful of such a proposal.
If we hastily carry out the advice， it would probably jeopardize education’s purpose of facilitating students’ wellroundedness。
（湊字大法！！！）
Advocates of this claim will reject my position。 They argue that knowledge gained from other fields contributes to innovative approaches to understanding the majors。 The blending of different methodologies from various fields exemplifies this argument。 For supporting examples， we can no further turn to the cooperation of linguistics and literature and the combination of math and economics。 What bind these pairs are similar methodologies。 By transferring a methodology from one field to another， students are able to understand the essence of both fields and this leads to the emergence of creative ideas and more profound understanding。 However， not all fields relate as readily as the
aforementioned
pairs， so we cannot expect to apply principles from any field to another。 Therefore，
only when the courses share similar methodological principles can the author’s recommendation come into effect.
Opposition to my argument also comes from
current students’ limited range of knowledge and narrow horizons。 From this point of view， university students should be equipped with holistic capabilities in diverse fields so that they can better accustom themselves to diverse work in the future。 In modern society， we are not surprised to encounter a professional lawyer who excels at public speaking； nor will it shock us when a mathematician assumes the role of a philosopher。 An abundance of these generalists demonstrates
the very advantage of a mastery of comprehensive skills and expertise
。 Nevertheless，
I argue that generalists choose to be excellent, but are not required to be
。 It is their insatiable 貪得無厭的；不知足的desire for knowledge that drives them to conquer new fields one after another， and it is their proficiency in the previous fields that enables them to excel in the new ones。 Students nowadays are
exceedingly
short of time and universities should foster， in most circumstances， specialists rather than generalists。 Consequently， while we welcome generalists， it might be more reasonable if we step back from the decision requiring students to choose courses in various disciplines， and adopt an alternative policy： encourage them to take extra courses and do whatever we can to facilitate this process。
Although I maintain that
encouraging course selection may function better than a mandatory requirement， some people may
dispute my position.
They claim that the latter overshadows the former in terms of efficiency， since sluggishness is human nature and it is only through compulsory course requirements that students will really make progress in their major fields。 The beginning of every course， they argue， inevitably
stumbles on
questioning and even
emphatic有力的顯著的 repudiation否定;
however， such questioning and repudiation will be followed by subsequent acceptance and students will quickly absorb new knowledge。 Consistent 始終如一的，一致的；堅持的might this claim appear with the reality， I tend to say that students do not learn for the sake of learning， and instead they learn in order to pass tests。 Whatever form is used to test students， be it an exam， a paper submission or group work， students always tend to focus on the test itself， but not on the accumulation of knowledge。 Without adjusting students’ attitude towards learning， the introduction of various new courses will remain
well-intentioned but will inevitably result in a meaningless struggle against the exam-oriented education system.
Taking extra courses outside one’s original field goes far beyond the decision of whether or not to take them, but raises more fundamental and farreaching issues. We may tentatively implement the issue’s recommendation, but a complete change in the design of university courses requires more careful consideration.
（662 words）
In regard to
the magic code to success i
n professions and academic fields， the statement
assigns more significance to imagination rather than
knowledge and expertise。 However， I tend to argue that in most circumstances， imagination and knowledge are not necessarily mutually exclusive， but more complementary to each other； therefore，
it is of greater importance to strike a favorable balance between imagination and knowledge rather than to weigh their value and then give up either of them
。 The fields of literature， art and science，
sufficiently support my claim.（避開比較，套路巧妙）
In the world of literature, professional knowledge serves as the cornerstone of the credibility of works while free imagination contributes to polishing the story and refining the plot. Should there be no professional knowledge or expertise supporting the details, the whole work would be no more than a flamboyant corpse deprived of the fundamental validity of stories.
On the contrary， the lack of imagination within the stories would only lead to readers’
loss of appetite to go on with
the books。 To have a brief scan of the previous literature world， all the masterpieces benefit from a successful marriage of unfettered 無拘無束的imagination and reliable knowledge。 In “Anna Karenina”， Leo Tolstoy successfully created a classical character Anna， whose legendary life is replete 充滿的with reflections of the nineteenth century of Russia。 These reflections are trustworthy because they are based on the author’s authentic and vast knowledge of that period of time。 In addition， what renders the character so distinguishable from other characters is the writer’s unrestrained imagination。 It is not difficult to imagine how
less sparkling
this work would be if the writer had been less knowledgeable and had poorer imagination。
While in the field of art， the combination of imagination and knowledge appears even closer。 Artists temper their professional knowledge and skills by learning from the previous masters； however， in order to make innovative achievements， they
unavoidably
tend to
break the chains of tradition
and stimulate their imagination by all possible means。 For example， from the prestigious work Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci， one of the greatest painters in the Renaissance period， we can observe the painter’s insightful understanding and professional knowledge of the mid-century European religions。 However， it was not until the birth of one of his another works Mona Lisa， which is not only a great reflection of the artist’s imagination， but also stirs the viewers’ illusions， did he reach his peak in the field of art。 Likewise， another well-known artist Monet also owes his success as an important impressionist to his vast knowledge about the shadowing of objects under light， as well as to his unfettered imagination of the relocation of all the objects on the same piece of paper。
Even the universe of science， which is famous for its rigorous demonstration and scrupulous一絲不苟的 observation， also
derives substantial benefit from
the cooperation of knowledge and imagination。 It is imagination that inspires scientists to explore the unknown world， and it is the professional knowledge that enables them to pave the way to such an unknown world。 History has witnessed countless examples： the invention of the microwave oven， the first use of radar， the creation of dolphin-like ships， all of which would still be in the vacuum 真空without their inventors’
fertile imagination
， as well as the experts’ knowledge and
gallant
勇敢的；華麗的；雄偉的
endeavor.
Conversely， someone might oppose my argument， drawing attention to the frustrating fact that nowadays people sometimes rely too much on the existing resources of information and knowledge， such as the Internet， books， libraries， but are reluctant to think for themselves。 Admittedly， students who overpay their attention to knowledge but cease to brainstorm would become nerds； scholars who overlook the importance of imagination would
end up mediocre
； society that only relies on existing knowledge would come to an overall standstill停頓；停止。 Nevertheless， it is exactly the contribution of such discouraging facts that convince us of the necessity of combining imagination and knowledge and employing them to help us go further on the road to the mysterious world。
To briefly sum up， while imagination and knowledge might play different roles in our life and career， it behooves理應；對…有此必要 us to regard them as inseparable and interdependent factors。 Only
equipped with
both imagination and knowledge， are we able to walk faster and further。 （708 words）
