外國人學漢語基礎語法60條
Grammar 1 Subject +Predicate + Object主謂賓結構
Subject +Predicate +Object is a basic sentence structure in Chinese。 If there is a negative adverb， the negative adverb should be placed before the verb。
For example：
wǒ hē píjiǔ
wǒ bù hē píjiǔ
Grammar 2 Yes-no Questions 一般疑問句
“嗎 ma” is usually put at the end of a declarative sentence to form a yes or no question 。
For example：
nǐ chī miànbāo mɑ？
wǒ bù chī miànbāo。
wǒ chī bāozi。
Grammar 3 “呢ne”
“呢ne”can be used after a noun or a pronoun to form an elliptical question。
For example：
wǒ qù chīfàn，nǐ ne？
wǒ bù xiǎnɡ hē kāfēi， niúnǎi ne？
Grammar 4 Adjectives as predicate形容詞做謂語
In Chinese， adjectives like verbs ，can act as predicate without the verb“是shì”，however the adjectives are seldom used alone。
For example： wǒ jīntiān hěn máng
Grammar 5 The structural particle “的de”“的”字結構
“的de”used between an attributive and a central word，indicating a possessive relation of the former to the later，such as “wǒ de pénɡyou”，if the relationship between the two is very close，and the former is a pronoun，“de”is often left out ，such as “wǒ pénɡyou”“wǒbàbɑ”“wǒɡōnɡsī”
Grammar 6 Measure word 量詞
In Chinese，numeral and noun are not used directly together but with a specific measure word in between。
For example：
yí ɡè mèimei
yí ɡè miànbāo
liǎnɡ bēi kāfēi
sān pínɡ kělè
sì wǎn mǐfàn
Grammar 7 “二èr”and“兩liǎnɡ”
“二èr”and“兩liǎnɡ”both mean the number “2”，usually“兩liǎnɡ”is used before a measure word 。
For example：
liǎnɡ ɡè ɡēɡe
liǎnɡ ɡè yuè
èr ɡē
èr yuè
Grammar 8 “有yǒu”Sentences
“有yǒu”this verb denoting possession functions as the main element of the predicate。 The negation of“有yǒu”is“沒有méiyǒu”。
For example：
wǒ yǒu yíɡè mèime
tā yǒu yíɡèɡēɡe
Grammar 9 : Interrogative Pronoun “who” “誰shuí”疑問代詞“誰”
“誰shuí”is an interrogative pronoun，used to enquire other’s
name or identity 。It has 2 pronunciations“shuí”and “sheí”，in spoken Chinese， it is usually pronounced as “sheí”。
For example：
shuí shì nǐ de lǎoshī？
zhè shì shuí de kělè ？
Grammar 10 how to read numbers 如何讀數字
yī èr sān sìwǔ liù qī bā jiǔ shí
一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十
10 shí 35 sānshíwǔ ，79 qīshíjiǔ
100bǎi 408 sìbǎi línɡ bā 480sìbǎi bāshí256èr/liǎnɡbǎi wǔshíliù
917 jiǔbǎi yīshíqī
1000qiān
5219wǔqiānliǎnɡbǎiyīshíjiǔ
10000 wàn
28904liǎnɡwànbāqiānjiǔbǎilínɡsì
1 0000 0000yì
987654321jiǔyì bāqiān qībǎi liùshíwǔwàn sìqiān sānbǎièrshíyī
Grammar 11 Modal Particle “吧ba”
“吧ba”is a modal particle，used at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate suggestion， if used at the end of an interrogative sentence to indicate a guess。 For example：
wǒmen qù hē kāfēi bɑ。
nǐ shì měiɡuórén bɑ？
Grammar 12 Interrogative Pronoun“怎麼zěnme”疑問代詞“怎麼”
“怎麼zěnme”is an interrogative pronoun， used before a verb to inquire by what means 。For example：
nǐ zěnme qù shànɡhǎi？
nǐ zěnme lái běijīnɡ？
Grammar 13 給ɡěi + O1+O2 給+雙賓語
The verb “給ɡěi”is followed by double objects in this structure ，with the object referring to person followed by the object referring to things。
For example ：
ɡěi nǐqián。
ɡěi wǒ fāpiào。
Grammar 14 Interrogative Pronoun“多少duōshǎo”疑問代詞“多少”
“多少duōshǎo”is an interrogative pronoun， used to inquire about the amount which is no less than ten or before an uncountable number。
For example：
zhèɡè duōshǎo qián？
Xuéxiào yǒu duōshǎo ɡè lǎoshī？
Grammar 15 “了le”
“了le”indicates an event or a situation has already happened or finished。 For example：
wǒ dào běijīnɡ le。
wǒ chī zǎofàn le。
When giving a negative answer to a question with “了le”， you need to add “沒méi” before the verb， and drop “了le” at the end of the sentence。
Grammar 16 Interrogative Pronoun“幾jǐ” 疑問代詞“幾”
“幾jǐ”used to ask the number estimated less than ten 。 A measure word should be used between“幾jǐ”and the following noun。
For example：
nǐ yào jǐ jīn？
nǐ yǒu jǐ ɡè ɡēɡe？
nǐ mǎi jǐbēi kāfēi？
Grammar 17 Time Expression 時間的表達
The Chinese words used to indicate a particular moment are：
點 diǎn o’clock 半bàn half
刻 kè quarter 分fēn minute
8：00 bā diǎn 8：05 bā diǎn línɡ wǔ（fēn）
8：15 bā diǎn yí kè 8：30 bā diǎn bàn
8：55 bā diǎn wǔshíwǔ（fēn）；chà wǔfēn jiǔdiǎn
Grammar 18 Modal Verb “想xiǎnɡ”動態助詞“想”
“想xiǎnɡ”means want， hope or plan。 It is used in the pattern
“S。+ xiǎnɡ+V。+O”。 For example：
Jīntiān nǐ xiǎnɡ chī shénme？
wǒ xiǎnɡ shuō hànyǔ。
Grammar 19 A 離lí B + yuǎn/jìn +ma?
“A 離lí B + yuǎn/jìn +ma？ “ is for asking the distance between A and B 。 For example：
běijīnɡ lí shànɡhǎi yuǎn mɑ？
běijīnɡ lí shànɡhǎi hěn yuǎn
běijīnɡ lí shànɡhǎi bù yuǎn
Grammar 20 Place +fùjìn +有yǒu +something
“有” indicates existence。 Its negative form is“méi yǒu”。For example：
nǐ jiā fùjìn yǒu chāoshì mɑ？
wǒ jiā fùjìn yǒu chāoshì。
wǒ jiā fùjìn méiyǒu chāoshì。
Grammar 21 “去qù+place+怎麼走zěnmezǒu”
It is used to ask how to get to a certain destination。 For example：
qǐnɡwèn：qù cháoyánɡ ɡōnɡyuán zěnme zǒu？
yìzhí zǒu，dào hónɡlǜdēnɡ yòuɡuǎi，dàɡài zǒu yìbǎimǐ。
Grammar 22 “跟ɡēn+O.”，“給ɡěi+sb”
“跟ɡēn+O。”，“給ɡěi+sb”is a prepositional structure put before a verb to function as an adverbial。 For example：
wǒ ɡēn láobǎn qù shànɡhǎi。
Wǒ ɡěi māmɑ dǎ diànhuà。
Grammar 23 “什麼時候 shénme shíhou”
“什麼時候 shénme shíhou”is used to ask time。 You can answer with a year ，a month ，a day ，a week， the hour，etc。 For example：
nǐ shénme shíhou ɡěi wǒ dǎdiànhuà？
wǒ xià ɡè xīnɡqīèr ɡěi nǐdǎdiànhuà。
Grammar 24 “（是）…的shì...de”強調句
“（是）…的shì。。。de”is used to emphasize when， where and how an action occurred，“的de”can be put either after or before the verb if the verb has a noun object。“是shì”always be omitted。 For example：
wǒ shì zuótiān dào de běijīnɡ。
tā shì dǎchē lái de xuéxiào。
tā shì zài sānlǐtúnr hē de píjiǔ。
Grammar 25 Verb Reduplication 動詞重疊
In spoken Chinese，Verb Reduplication indicates a tentative attempt or try。 The pattern for a single syllable verb is “AA”or“A一下”。
For example：
wǒ nénɡ shìshì nà jiàn yīfu mɑ？
nín kànkɑn zhè shuānɡ xié。
Grammar 26 “有點兒yóu diǎnr”and“一點兒yì diǎnr”
“有點兒yóu diǎnr” is put before a verb or an adjective to function as an adverbial。 Implying a light degree of dissatisfaction。
For example：
wǒ yóudiánr mánɡ。
Jīntiān yóudiánr rè
“一點兒yì diǎnr”is a numberal put before nouns to express a small amout。 Can also be put after adjectives， meaning you hope something happen。 For example：
tā mǎi le yìdiánr pínɡɡuǒ。
Piányi yìdiánr bɑ。
Kuài yìdiánr。
Grammar 27 “來lái + Noun”
“來lái + Noun”is an expression for giving an order or making a request。 It is mostly used in hotels or stores， meaning “to order” or “to take”。For example：
fúwùyuán，lái yìshuānɡ kuàizi。
Lái yíɡè mápó dòufu。
Grammar 28 Affirmative-Negative Question 正反疑問句
Affirmative-Negative Question is formed by linking up the affirmative and the negative forms of the main element of the predicate 。For example：
běijīnɡ de shuǐ ɡuǒ ɡuì bu ɡuì？
nǐ xǐ（huān）bù xǐhuɑn shànɡhǎi？
Grammar 29 Alternative Question 選擇疑問句
Questions using “還是hái shì” to provide two alternatives for the answers to choose are called alternative questions。 For example：
nǐ hē chá háishìkāfēi？
nǐ qù zhōnɡɡuó háishì měiɡuó？
Grammar 30 “再zài+verb”
The adverb “再zài” is used before a verb to function as an adverbial denoting repetition or continuity of an action or a situation。 But this kind of repetition or continuity is yet to be realized 。For example：
Zài hē yìbēi chá bɑ。
Zài lái yìpínɡ píjiǔ。
Grammar 31 Expressions of Date 日期表達
Dates in Chinese are expressed in the order of year ，month and date。
For example：
Jīntiān shì 2017 nián 7 yuè 5 hào。
Jīntiān shì jǐ yuè jǐ hào？
Grammar 32 Complement of Duration時量補語
Complement of Duration is used to indicate how long an action or a state lasts。
For example：
wǒ lái zhōnɡɡuó yìnián le。
wǒ dǎsuɑn zài zhōnɡɡuó wánr yíɡèyuè。
Grammar 33 xiān...ránhòu... first…then…先…然後
“xiān。。。ránhòu…” is used in coherence complex sentences， indicating one action or situation takes place after another one。 When the subjects of the two clauses are the same，the subject of the second clause is often omitted。
For example： wǒ xiān huíjiā，ránhòu qù chīfàn。
If the subjects of the two clauses are different， the second subject comes after “ránhòu”。
For example： wǒ xiān qù，ránhòu nǐ qù。
Grammar 34 cónɡ...dào... from…to…從…到
“cónɡ。。。dào。。。” indicates a place or time from beginning to end。
For example： cónɡ běijīnɡ dào shànɡhǎi zuòfēijī yào 2 ɡèxiǎoshí。
Grammar 35 bǐ “比”字句
“bǐ”is a preposition used in comparative sentences。
（1） A bǐB +adj
For example：
běijīnɡ bǐ shànɡhǎi lěnɡ
ɡēɡe bǐ dìdi ɡāo
（2）A bǐB +adj+others
For example：
běijīnɡ bǐ shànɡhǎi lěnɡ duō le
ɡēɡe bǐ dìdi ɡāo yìdiánr
（3）B méiyǒu A +adj
For example：
shànɡhǎi méiyǒu běijīnɡ lěnɡ。
dìdi méiyǒu ɡēɡe ɡāo。
Grammar 36 zuì 最 最高階
“zuì” is used for comparison， indicating the one that has reached to the highest degree compared with others。 The frequently used structure is zuì+adj/ psychological verb 。
For example：
Jīntiān zuì ɡāo qìwēn duōshǎo dù？
nǐ zuì xǐhuɑn chī shénme？
Grammar 37 ɡuò 過
“ɡuò” is an aspect particle used after a verb to indicate a past experience。 Its negative form is” méi+verb+ɡuò”
For example：
wǒ qù ɡuò zhōnɡɡuó。
Wǒ kànɡuò zhōnɡɡuó diànyǐnɡ。
wǒ méi zuò ɡuò fēijī。
Grammar 38 the verbal measure word “cì次” 動量詞
the verbal measure word “cì” is used with a numeral。 They can be used after a verb as a verbal measure complement，indicating the frequency of an action。
For example：
wǒ qù ɡuò yícì chǎnɡchénɡ
nǐ měi ɡè xīnɡqī xuéxí jǐcì hànyǔ？
Grammar 39 rúɡuǒ...jiù... 如果…就… if …then…
“rúɡuǒ” indicates hypothesis used in the former clause。 The latter clause indicates making a conclusion or suggestion。 It is often used with “jiù”。 If a psychological verb is used in the latter clause， “jiù” is not used。 If the latter clause is a question， “jiù”is not used 。
For example：
rúɡuǒ mínɡtiān xiàyǔ，wǒmen jiù bú qù chánɡchénɡ le。
rúɡuǒ wǒ yǒu shíjiān，wǒ xiǎnɡ qù shànɡhǎi。
rúɡuǒ mínɡtiān bú xiàyǔ，nǐ qù chánɡchénɡ mɑ？
Grammar 40 S+（zhènɡ）zài+V（+O）+ne 正在進行時
To indicate that an action is in progress， you can place the adverb “zhènɡzài”，“zhènɡ”， “zài” before the verb or place “ne” at the end of the sentence。 “zhènɡzài”， “zhènɡ”， “zài”can be used with ”ne”。
For example：
Tāmen zhènɡzài ɡàn shénme ne？
Tāmen zài xuéxí hànyǔ ne。
Grammar 41 The serial-verb sentence 連動句
If two more verbs or verbal phrases are used in a series without interruption， a serial-verb sentence is formed。 In such a sentence， the second verb may indicate the purpose of the first one 。
For example：
xià ɡè xīnɡqī wǒ qù běijīnɡ chūchāi。
mínɡtiān wǒ kāichē qù jīchǎnɡ jiē nǐ。
Grammar 42 Complement of Result “wán” 結果補語
The verb “wán” is used after the predicate verb to indicate the result of an action and is known as the “complement of result”。 No other elements are used between the verb and the complement of result。 The negative form of a complement of result is “méiyǒu+verb”
For example：
nǐ chī wán fàn le mɑ？
jīntiān de kè wǒ tīnɡ dǒnɡ le。
Jīntiān de kè wǒ méiyǒu tīnɡ dǒnɡ。
Grammar 43 “děi 得”
“děi 得” is used in a declarative sentence ，denoting an objective necessity。
For example：
mínɡtiān wǒ bù nénɡ qù shànɡkè le，wǒ děi qù shànɡhǎi chūchāi。
Xiànzài 11 diǎn le，wǒ děi huíjiā le。
Grammar 44 “huì會”
It denotes to master a skill through learning 。
For example ：
wǒ huì yóuyǒnɡ，yě huì shuō yì diánr hànyǔ。
The difference between “huì會”and “nénɡ能”
“nénɡ能”indicates something is possible under the subjective or objective condition， while “huì會”denotes to master a skill through learning。
For example：
wǒ huì kāichē，dànshì zài zhōnɡɡuó wǒ méiyǒu jiàzhào，bùnénɡ kāichē。
Grammar 45 Complement of state 狀態補語
A complement used to describe the state of an action is known as a complement of state， which is linked with the predicate by “de得”。 If the verb is followed by an object， the verb need to be repeated。
For example：
wǒ huì yóuyǒnɡ，wǒ yóu de hěn kuài。
tā shuō hànyǔ shuō de hěn liúlì。
Grammar 46 “dōu 都”
“dōu 都”is an adverb to indicate including all the people or things mentioned avove。 The negative adverb “bù不” or ” méi沒” is used after “dōu 都”in its negative sentences。
For example：
wǒ měitiān dōu xuéxí hànyǔ。
David hé Peter dōu shì měiɡuó rén。
Grammar 47 “…de shíhou …的時候”
…de shíhou …的時候”is a time adverbial， indicating the time or situation when some action is taken or something is going on。 It is similar to “when” or ”while” in English in meaning。
For example：
wǒ chīfàn de shíhou xǐhuɑn kàn diànshì。
xiàyǔ de shíhou，wǒ bù xiǎnɡ chūqu。
Grammar 48 Comeplement of result “hǎo好”結果補語
A complement of result can also be served by an adjective ， such as “hǎo好”。 It indicates an action has been satisfactedly completed。
For example：
wǒ de diànnǎo xiū hǎo le。
tā dǎ cuò diànhuà le。
nǐ kàn qīnɡchu le mɑ？
Grammar 49 “多duō+adj”
The adverb “多duō”is put before adjectives to inquire about the degree。
For example：
shànɡhǎi líběijīnɡ duō yuǎn？
nǐ de ɡēɡe duō ɡāo？
Grammar 50 Complement of degree 程度補語
A simple complement of degree is usually served by an adjective， such as “lìhɑi厲害”“duō多”“jí極”，etc。 The structural particle “de得” can be used between the degree of complement and the verb。
For example：
ténɡ de lìhɑi mɑ？
wǒ shēntǐ hǎo duō le。
Grammar 51 “kuài...bɑ 快…吧”
It is used to ask somebody to hurry。 The commonly used structure is “kuài。+V+bɑ 快+V+吧”
For example：
Jīntiān 8 diǎn shànɡkè，wǒmen kuài qù xuéxiào bɑ。
Grammar 52 “多duō+V，少shǎo+V”
“多duō+V，少shǎo+V” are usually used to make a suggestion。
For example：
Xiàtiān yīnɡɡāi duō hē shuǐ。
Shǎo chī là de duì shēntǐ hǎo。
Grammar 53 “yòu又...yòu又...”
It indicates the coexistence of two situations or two qualities。 “yòu” is often followed by an adjective。
For example：
wǒ de dìdi yòu cōnɡmínɡ yòu kěài。
Grammar 54 The “bǎ把” sentence (1) 把字句
The“bǎ把” sentence is often used to emphasize how something is disposed or the result of the disposition。 “bǎ把+recipient+v。+zài在” indicates to do something so as to put the recipient to some place。
For example：
wǒ bǎ shū fànɡ zài zhuōzi shànɡ
nǐ bǎ yīfu ɡuà zài nǎr？
Grammar 55 The “bǎ把” sentence (2)
“bǎ + recipient + verb + complement of result” indicates the result of an action taken toward something or somebody 。
For example：
nǐ bǎ mǐfàn chīwán。
bǎ xínɡli zhuānɡ hǎo。
Grammar 56 The “bǎ把” sentence (3)
The structure “bǎ + recipient + verb +verbal measurement complement” indicates to do something or try to do something in a short time。
For example：
bānɡ wǒ bǎ shoujī xiū yíxià
zuótiān wǒ bǎ fánɡjiān shōushi le liǎnɡbiàn。
Grammar 57 “zhǐ只”
“zhǐ只”is used after the subject and before the predicate verb to define the object after the verb or the number before the object。
For example：
wǒ zhǐ xuéxí hànyǔ yí ɡè yuè。
bàbɑ zhǐ hē píjiǔ。
Grammar 58 “Noun/ noun phrase + ne”呢的用法
“Noun/ noun phrase+ne” is an elliptical sentence 。if without context， it is used to inquire about the location ， equivalent to “…。 Zài nǎr ne？”
For example：
wǒ de māmɑ ne？ nǐ de māmɑ zài fánɡjiān lǐ。
Grammar 59 “hé...yíyànɡ和…一樣”
“hé。。。yíyànɡ和…一樣”indicates that two things are the same or similar to each other in comparison。 The commonly used structure is “A hé B yíyànɡ” 。 “A hé B yíyànɡ+adj” indicates A and B are the same in some aspect。 It is negated by putting the negative adverb ” bù” before “yíyànɡ”。
For example：
wǒ de shǒujī hé lǎoshī de yíyànɡ。
wǒ hé māmɑ yíyànɡ ɡāo。
Grammar 60 “ jiù yào...le 就要…了”
“ jiù yào。。。le 就要…了”indicates a situation will be changed soon or a new situation will occur soon 。
For example：
Kuài huíjiā bɑ，jiù yào xiàyǔ le。
xià ɡè yuè Peter jiù yào huíɡuó le。
更多內容歡迎關注微信公眾號“教老外說漢語的那些事兒”
